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闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的研究

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2015年08月 生物骨科材料与临床研究 ORTHOPAEDIC BIOMECHANICS MATERIALS AND CLINICAL STUDY 37 第12卷第4期 doi:10.3969/j.issn.1672—5972 2015.04.01 1 文章编号:swgk2014—11-0200 闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的研究 许益文郑勇白祥军刘俊李彦武石振游景扬范江荣张柘 [摘要]目的探讨影响闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折临床疗效因素。方法回顾性分析我院2010 年7月~2012年l2月52例采用闭合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的临床资料,其中男35例,女 17例,年龄2.5~12岁,平均6.7岁,11例GarlandII型,41例GarlandlII型,51例伸直型,1例屈曲型;分析在 临床治疗过程中影响该方法疗效的相关因素。结果本组52例均得到随访12~18个月,按照肘关节功能评价Flynn 标准进行评价,其中优4l例,良8例,可3例,差0例。优良率94.2%。结论微创治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折具有 创伤小、恢复快、骨折固定稳定、预防骨筋膜室综合征及Volkmann挛缩、防止肘内翻、肘关节功能好等优点; 但术中术后相关因素影响预后,如反复复位、复位不佳、未注意对神经血管的保护、手法不当、尺神经的损伤、 克氏针的方向不当、外固定时间过短、锻炼不及时等。 [关键词]微创;闭合复位;经皮克氏针固定;儿童;肱骨髁上骨折 [中图分类号]R683 [文献标识码]B The study of percutaneous kirschner wires fixation after closed reduction in treating supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children Xu Yiwen,Zheng Yong,Bai Xiangjun,et a1.Department ofOrthopedics,Tong Ji Xianning Hospital at ̄liated to Huazhong UniversityofScienceand Technology,XianningHubei,437000,China 【Abstract1 Objective To analyze many factors about the effect of closed reduction and percutaneous kirschner wires ifxation in treating supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children.Methods There were fifty—two cases of humeral supracondylar ractfure through our retrospectively analysis which treated by closed reduction and percutaneous kirschner wires fixation from July 2010 to December 2012.They were 2.5 to 12 years old(mean age:6 years to 7 months,35 males and 1 7 females).According to Garland typing,type—II are l1 cases,and ype—IItI 4 1 cases.5 l cases had extension type,one lex.Many ffactors we must take about affect the management of these cases treated by this method.Results Fity—ftwo cases were all followed up for 12 to 18 months.According to Flynn criteria ofElbow Functional assessment, 4 1 cases had excellent results,8 cases good,3 cases fair and no one bad.The excellent—good rate of elbow functions in the group was 94.2%.Conclusion Minimally invasive for humeral supracondylar racture ifn children possess many ad— vantages such as:small injury,recovering quickly,stable bone ifxation,preventing osteofascial compartment syndrome and Volkmann contracture,preventing cubitus varus,having excellent elbow joint function.There were also many factors which affected the prognosis with the method,including repeatedly brutal reduction,bad reduction of ractfure, didn t pay attention to protect nerve and blood vessel in closed reduction,improper closed reduction,injury of ulnar nerve by kirschner wires,improper orientation of kirschner wires,no enough time of external fixation post—operation, unctfional training not in time,and SO on. 1Keywordsl Minimally invasive;Closed reduction;Percutaneous kirschner wires fixation;Chilren;Sumprdacondylar racturesf ofthe humerus. 儿童肱骨髁上骨折是指肱骨内外髁上方3cm以内的肱 骨远端骨折,占儿童肘部骨折的30%~40%,多发于7岁左 的Garland II型和所有Garland III型肱骨髁上骨折则多需要 临床干预。其治疗方法有:闭合复位石膏固定;皮牵引;闭 合复位经皮克氏针固定;骨牵引支架;切开复位固定术等 [1l。右的儿童。根据其受力姿势可分为伸直型和屈曲型,其中大 多数为伸展型,约占97 。临床上广泛使用Garland分型, 近年来随着”C”型臂x线机的普及,闭合复位经皮克氏 对于Garland I型肱骨髁上骨折,石膏固定即可:而大多数 作者单位:华中科技大学同济咸宁医院骨科,湖北咸宁437000 针固定、不进行局部皮肤软组织切开、不需暴露骨折断面的 微创治疗越来越得到认同并取得了良好的效果。本组病例总 2015年O8月 第l2卷第4期 手法复位有一定的顺序,第一步需将骨折断面从软组织 中推出,避免加重损伤血管神经,第二步纠正侧方移位及旋 转,通过C臂透视判断,第三步纠正前后移位,切忌用力 过大造成后侧骨膜破裂,不利于骨折复位后的维持稳定。使 用克氏针时要避免克氏针损伤尺神经,在使用交叉克氏针固 定时,内侧髁克氏针需避免损伤尺神经,可先确定内侧髁进 针点,然后扪及尺神经,助手将尺神经固定于神经沟避开克 氏针 …,若外侧克氏针己固定,可适当伸直肘关节,然后 打入内侧柱克氏针。麻醉过后需及时观察手指感觉与活动。 克氏针进针点及方向要准,常用的进针点为内外侧髁, 进针方向在矢状面上与肱骨干成35~55。角,在冠状面上向 后成角15~25。角,通过C臂透视定位,并有二次明显骨皮 质突破感为佳;可采用内外侧交叉克氏针… 、外侧2枚克 氏针、3枚克氏针等方式固定,克氏针的固定方式需根据患 儿的骨折移位类型、远端骨质情况、有无神经损伤等情况决 定,但各种固定方式的效果并无显著统计学差异 。克氏 针在骨折线上的距离不小于该处骨干直径的1/3;每根针均 应穿透骨折远近端两侧皮质,并通过内外侧柱固定;入针及 出针点距离骨折端大于1cm,术中进行应力测试,若存在骨 折端不稳定的情况,则可加用第3根克氏针[1 3]o 最后是适时去除石膏外固定及克氏针并行功能锻炼,通 常石膏及钢针4~6周拆除(在骨痂生长明显时),根据x线 骨折处愈合情况适当调整,拆除石膏及钢针后需行功能锻 炼,循序渐进,受动锻炼及主动锻炼同样重要。 综上所述,影响微创治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折疗效的因素 较多,只有考虑全面,方法使用得当,可最大限度的提高闭 合复位经皮克氏针固定治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的优良率,避 免医源性损伤,使患儿早日康复。 参考文献 [1]Lee HY,kon SJ.Treatment ofdisplaced surpracondy lar fractures of the humerus in children[J]l Clin Orthop Relat Res,2005,43(3): 110—113. [2] Sibinski M,Charmn H,Bennel GC.Early versus delayed treatment ofextension type--3 supracondylar rfactures ofthe humerus in chil-- dren[J].Bone Joint Surg Br,2006,88(5):38o一381. [3] Edmonds EW,Roocroft JH,Mubarak SJ.Treatment of displaced pediatric supracondylar humerus fracture patterns requiring me— dial fixation:a reliable and safer cross—pinning technique….J Pediatr orthop.2O12.32(4):346—350. [4]Slobogean BL,Jackman H,Tennant S,et a1.1atrogenic ulnar nerve injury after the surgical treatment ofdisplaced supracondylar frac— utres of the humerus:number needed to harm,asystematic review [J].J Pediatr Orthop,201 0,30(5):430—435. [5] Bashyal RK,chu JY,schoenecker PL,et a1.Complications after pinning ofsupracondylar distal humerus rfactures[J].Pediat Ortho— P,2009,29(2):704—708. [6】Skaggs DL,Cluck Mw Flynn JM.Lateral—entry pin fixation in the management of supracondylar rfactures in children[J].Bone Jiont Surg Am,2004,86(3):702—707. [7] 蔡平原,陈康,陈升浩,等.可吸收棒治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折35 例报告[JJ_生物骨科材料与临床研究,2013,1O(3):43—45. [8] 李炳佑,钟黎娟,菜秀芹,等.陈氏正骨手法复位结合经皮穿针 治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折68例[J].世界中医药,2010,5(4): 177—178. [9]孔建中,史建靖,翁益民,等.Baumann角在儿童肱骨髁上骨折 经皮固定术中的临床应用[J].中华小儿外科杂志,2005,26(5): 249—251. [10]杨国强,戴福全,杜勇.游离肱三头肌入路微型锁定板治疗移位型 儿童肱骨髁上骨折[J].生物骨科材料-LSII ̄床研究,2014,1l(2):43-45. [1 1]Zamzam MM,Bakarman KA.Treatment of displaced supracon— dylar humeral fractures among children:Crossed versus lateral pinning[J].1njury,2009,40(3):625—630. [12]冯超,郭源,张建立.克氏针治疗儿童肱骨髁上骨折的穿针方式 效果分析[J1.中华d,Jk#b科杂志,2008,29(5):291—293. [1 3]Lee SS,Mahr AT,Miesen D,et a1.Displaced pediatric supracon— dylar humerus fractures:biomechanical analysis of percutaneous pinning techniques[J].Pediatr Orthop,2002,22(4):440—443. [作者简介]许益文(1981.)男,博士在读,主治医师。工作方向:创伤骨科。 (收稿日期:2014 11—03) 

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