Analysis of the Development Feature and Competitiveness in Anhui industrial cluster

Wu Ci-sheng

Department of Management Hefei University of Technology Hefei 230009, P.R China cswu5188@126.com

Abstract—Industrial cluster, a new spatial form of economic

organization, has played an important role on regional economic development. Based on the industrial cluster theory, This paper analyzes the status, competitive strengths and weaknesses of industrial cluster in Anhui Province, and proposes a way to enhance its competitiveness. The conclusion shows that industrial cluster will become an important driving force for Anhui to achieve the strategy of \"Rise of Central China\".

Keywords—industrial

cluster; regional economy;

competitiveness

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION

In recent years, Anhui responds to the strategy of \" the rising of central China\" positively, focuses on enhancing independent innovative capability, builds the innovation zone of “Hefei-Wuhu-Bengbu”, accelerates to integrates into the environment of \"Pan-Yangtze River Delta\\"five economic\" which consisted by county economy, regional economy, non-public economy, Industrial Park economy and new economic, and orderly undertakes coastal industrial transfer, It has gotten great achievements. In the process of industrialization, industrial structure adjustment and upgrading, increasing regional competitiveness and the great-leap-forward development in Anhui, Industrial cluster as a form of important spatial economic organization, has played an important role in economic development in Anhui. But, with the process of Anhui’s structure transfer-ed from resource-oriented to technology capital leading, industrial cluster is also facing a series of challenges. Therefore, in new environment, analyzing the status and problems of industrial clusters in Anhui Province, and putting out the effective ways or measures for Anhui’s development, is very important on building \"He-Wu-Beng\" innovation zone and the industrial transfer demonstration region, and also plays on important role in the “12th Five-Year Plan” in Anhui.

Ⅱ. ANALYSIS OF ANHUI INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER’S

FEATURES During the “11th Five-Year plan” period, Anhui industrial cluster has developed fast. Its main features are as follows:

Cheng Rui

Department of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, P.R China chengrui2020@163.com

A. Traditional leading industries’ upgrade radiation and

extension.

By June 2008, Anhui has 176 industrial clusters, 20000 enterprises in these clusters, 1712 enterprises above scale, employed about 1.2 million, clusters’ value which over a hundred million about 142, over 5 hundred million about 66, exceed a billion about 23, annual revenue about 130 billion yuan, total profit about 9 billion yuan, taxes payment about 5 billion yuan, the average size of the annual revenue about 730 million yuan, and the average employed number about 6300. In addition, many industries in Anhui are already appeared the prototype of the industrial clusters. The larger clusters are: auto industry cluster which bases on Hefei, Wuhu, Maanshan; chemical industry cluster which bases on along the Yangtze River’s petrochemical and fine chemicals , and along the Huaihe River’s coal chemical; along the Yangtze River’s metal processing industry cluster; home appliance industry cluster which bases on Hefei, Wuhu, Chuzhou; garment industry cluster which bases on Anqing, Huaibei, Wuhu, Tongling, Fuyang; High-tech industrial clusters which are major of electronic information, biological medicine, new materials, modern traditional Chinese medicine, plays a booster effect on the economic development in Anhui. Table 1 shows that the distribution of some industrial clusters in Anhui Province’s cities in 2008, (from the documentation).

TABLE Distribution of some industrial clusters in Anhui’s cities in 2008 Automobile and engineering machinery（12,420）,Auto Hefei Parts（200,300）,Electronic information（238,220）、Food Processing（83,32.3）,Home appliances（11,218.2）,Household chemicals（12,113.12） Huaibei Textile and Apparel（93,21.2）,Agricultural products Processing（120,39.5） Bozhou Modern traditional Chinese medicine（33,29.28）,Flour Processing（100,16.6）,Lixin city’s screen（200,8.4）,Liquor and new drinks（130,40） Suzhou Dangshan’s fruit Processing（334,8.06）、Wood Processing（1036,20） Bengbu Auto Parts(200,35),Fliter（100,20）, Fine Chemicals（50,100） Linshui city’s Dehydrated vegetables（1085,16）,Funan Fuyang Willow plait（70,12）,Fuyang recycled Metal smelting（70,70）,Yingshang “Business Fenpi noodles”（300,2）,Taihe Hair processing（65,15） Huainan Chemical（60,34.7）,Equipment manufacturing（180,26.8）,Biomedical（13,4.84）,Textile and Apparel（50,4.83） Agricultural processing（69,75.1）,Quanjiao MachineryChuzhou （170,31.3）,Quanjiao Toys and apparel clusters（100,2.3）,Tianchang qinlan Electronic（300,29）,Fengyang Glass（35,40）,Home appliances（780,106.5） Auto parts and machining（50,30）,Huoqiu Willow plaitLuan （12,10）,Huoqiu Ore smelting （7,18.5）,Shucheng baby carrier（40,1.5）,Food processing（525,.4）,Yeji Wood and bamboo processing（420,20） Fine Chemicals （20,30）,New Maanshan Materials （62,100）,Bowang Machinery Manufacturing（510,57）,Biomedical （20,20）,Electronic information（100,13） Lujiang Magnetic Materials（8,3.84）,Lujiang Auto partsChaohu （14,5.48）,Lujiang heavy chemical industry(25,15.04),Wuwei Gaogou Wire and Cable(344,143), Wucheng Industrial Zone feather processing （40,15）,Hanshan Lintou Casting（279,15） Wuhu Auto parts (300,68.51),Sun country Textile and Apparel（206,16.9）,High-tech biology and medicine（70,40） Jing city Wannan Motor Manufacturing（30,10）,Langxi Xuancheng Luggage and related products（10,10）,Ningguo Wear-resistant materials（79,8）,Guangde Silk（30,30）,Jingde Glass fiber （56,3.5） Tongling Tongling Electronic Materials（113,90）,copper（90,539） Chizhou Qingyang New Calcium carbonate material（40,4.22）,Dongzhi Xiangyu Chemical（39,11.1） Tongcheng Plastic Packaging (1400,36),Jinshen Anqing Mechanical (200,12.9),Auto parts (13,26),Daguan Circular economy (39,5),Huailin Mamiao Plate processing (70,11.6),Qianshan Brush processing (329,5),Wangjiang Textile (300,16) Huangshan Tea（1000,8.5）,Huizhou Powder Coatings (70,16.5),Green packaging（40,9.6） Note: (A, B) A express that the number of clusters’ enterprises in 2008, B express that annual production value of the cluster in 2008 (100million)

source: Bureau of Statistics and Economic and Trade Commission in Anhui Province.

B. The unique county industrial cluster suddenly rises. Currently, the county industrial cluster suddenly rises in Anhui, some counties’ (cities’) industrial cluster has considerable size. In the county which has Higher degree of industrialization, basically their industrial clusters are Prominent, and among Anhui 61 counties (cities), their economic development on the top, more than half of Anhui’s top unique county industrial clusters’10 counties, their industrial main features are as follows: clusters develop greatly, The 1) Marketing-driven, steadily improve the market share. Anhui industrial cluster’s feature is most of them are driven by marketing, so the marketing active. Wuwei Gaogou has more than 4,000 sellers, one of 10 Gaogou people do the job about marketing, so, Gaogou cable’s market share accounts 40% or more in national market.

2) The brand effect of regional cluster gradually established. Some industrial cluster towns’ environment is good, enterprises relative concentration, industry or product has their features, main business prominent, and social

contribution large, so a number of leading enterprises which in these towns, have good growth, close industrial division and collaboration, high leading products’ concentration degree , and developed rapidly, Bengbu filter, Bozhou traditional Chinese medicine processing, Ningguo Zhongding rubber seals, Xuancheng Yinghe Ware, Sun country Apparel ,Gangji auto parts and a number of domestic famous enterprises and industrial brands have sprouted up.

3) Industrial chain gradually extended to the upstream and downstream. In Fanchang Sun village, garment cluster has extended from the traditional single garment production, processing to upstream and downstream, gradually builds the system which includes weaving, dyeing, garment processing, embroidery, thread, packaging and logistics ,now Sun village is known as the \"first town of garment in Anhui province.\" 4) Promote technological innovation continuously, gradually improve the product technical content. In recent years, Tianchang Qinlan private enterprises’ technological investment over 10 million yuan each year, more than 20 colleges and research institutes established partnerships with more than 40 Qinlan enterprises, 5 enterprises set up business research institutes, 10-15 new products had come out every year, improved and innovated technology more than 10. Currently, there are 28 private enterprises in the town was named Provincial private science and technology companies by Science and Technology Department of Anhui Province. 5) The dominant companies are non-public enterprises. Many Anhui industrial clusters, especially the industrial clusters which are characterized by high concentration of non-public enterprises, undertake the industrial transfer from eastern well-developed regions actively. A number of industrial clusters which have regional characteristics develop rapidly, scale economies expend fast, industrial chain has been improved, have played important role on non-public economic. Industrial clusters’ towns which are characterized by enterprises’ concentration and industries’ division and collaboration, develop fast, form massive economic. 6) Growing contribution to social development and local economic. \"One Gaogou ,half Wuwei \" says that Gaogou’s scale enterprises, sales income and taxes account for more than half of Wuwei, Wuwei revenue in 2008 was 1.33223 billion yuan, Gaogou tax is 0.73187 billion yuan, accounts for 54.94 %. (Zeng Ying-Fan, 2008)

C. Industrial clusters’ regional distribution presents

“point, line, plane” clearly, and intensive management improves rapidly

From the regional distribution, Anhui Industrial clusters’ spatial distribution presentes “point, line, plane.”

1) Point-like development. Refers to a region has a dominant product, or traditional product which come from historical extension, the product has advantages in the market or the production is relatively large, but these products distributed randomly.

2) The extension of industry. After several years of building, Anhui industrial cluster continued to promote the

industry chain’s specialization, some original production processes gradually become independent production companies, formed a collaboration system of professional production and social division, industrial chain be improving day by day, such as Bozhou herbs, become a self-contained system which consist of planting - acquisition - processing - finished - Market, Meanwhile, some leading enterprises gather a large number of cooperative companies through carry out business strategy, such as stick to card producing, commission processing, Franchise Chain and brand integration.

Planting Acquisition gnissecoMarket Products rP

Figure 1 Bozhou herbs’ self-contained system

3) Massive development. Currently, Anhui massive economy has taken shape, some clusters’ annual output more than ten billion yuan, such as wire and cable, electronics, auto parts and others; machinery, metal processing, garments, textiles and others’ output also several billion yuan. Massive economic let the capital, labor, technology, information brand concentrate, has become Anhui county economic characteristics, supporting and advantage. Wuwei, Tianchang, Wuhu, Huangshan, Bozhou, Huangchi are awarded \"cable of villages,\" \"electronic village\\"auto parts base\\"Chinese Hometown of Teahis reflects the massive economy.

Capital Labor Technology Information brand

Figure 2 Massive economic function

From business model, intensive operation, marketing diversification, high-tech enhances the quality of industrial clusters greatly. Some enterprises carries out large enterprise and group strategy, they conduct merger, acquisitions and resources integration, make the productive factors concentrating to the dominant enterprises and industries, and promote the development of related industries, formed \" the flying-geese mode \industrial clusters, such as Qinlan electronics market, Bozhou medicine market, Wuhu automotive market and Huangshan tea market have an important role in the regional and national

professional market, this clusters let labor flow, logistics, information flow and capital flow concentration, then let the industry concentration and the industrial chain building; The central cities like Hefei, Wuhu, Tongling, Maanshan and Anqing, information projects have been established gradually, let informationization stimulate industrialization has produced results. Some industry technology development centers, productivity promotion centers, high-tech business service center, high-tech enterprise incubators, universities, research institutes and others’ research and developing, promote the Anhui industries and enterprises’ upgrading. (Yan Chen, 2007)AUniversity B1 N1 1 ALeadiLeadiLeadi2 ng ng ng N3 enterpenterpenterpA3 ReseaB2 rch N2 institFigure 3 Massive development.

D. The types of industrial clusters are Diversification 1) Driven by the leading enterprises or core companies in the industrial chain. The industrial clusters are composed of large enterprises or groups, and many accessorial companies, (Xu Jiahong, Xiang Gui＇e, 2008) such as Hefei, Wuhu automobile, fork trucks and home appliances’ industrial clusters, and Bozhou Liquor and new beverage industrial clusters which lead by Gujing and Shuanglun group.

A B Leading enterprises C D E F

Figure 4 The type driven by leading enterprises

2) The type of resources development. Build around the regional resources, for example, after several years of copper’s development, Tongling established a production chain from raw material production to the cooper processing, has formed a production system of mining, dressing, smelting and processing, built the copper processing industrial cluster, TongLing Nonferrous Metals Group holds top 2 in China steadily; As eastern Chinese coal base, Huaihe River area uses the advantage, extends the industrial chain actively, and develops coal chemical industry.

3) Driven by market. The typical industrial cluster is Bozhou traditional Chinese medicine, production and processing are promoted by the rich resources of Chinese herbal medicines and the Chinese largest trade market, builds a supporting industrial cluster which include planting, processing, marketing, transportation and others.

4) Base on geographical advantage. Such as Wuhu shipbuilding industry, because of the unique geographical condition, as the largest and most concentration shipbuilding base in Anhui, there are more than 50 shipbuilding companies now, can produce tons of dry bulk carriers, container ships, product tankers , the annual production value can achieve nearly 2 billion yuan, and sets up the first shipbuilding industrial associations in Anhui, attracts other cities’ (such as Anqing, Maanshan, Tianchang, etc) ship supporting industries join in.

5) Centralized park. Such as Hefei Changfeng’s 10km2 JAC Auto Parts Industrial Park, attracts the JAC tons of casting center, Zhejiang Wanan Group and other 7 well-known leading parts enterprises come in just more than two years, the product include engine block, brakes, air conditioning, rubber and plastic interior parts, instruments, etc, The garden become Anhui important production base of automobile and engineering machinery parts, and become the largest parts industrial cluster in central China, be called Chinese \" Volkswagen Wolfsburg. \"

6) The type of brand-led. Five major appliance brands, Haier, Midea, Hualing, Meiling, Changhong and their 8 home appliance enterprises gather in Hefei Economic and Technological Development Zone, now Hefei become the third largest home appliance industrial cluster in China, and become the most concentrated area of national home appliance brand and home appliance industry.

7) The type of tech-driven. Drive by scientific research and high-tech, relies on the advantages of technology and talented person, such as Hefei High-tech Development Zone, establish high-tech industrial clusters which include electronic information, advanced manufacturing technology, new materials, biological engineering, new medicine and modern agriculture.

8) The type of investment. The leading enterprises by investment attract related enterprises come in, then, form the industrial clusters. Such as Langxi Fujin luggage city, by investment, the leading luggage manufacturing enterprises settle down, then, brought a number of luggage parts

manufacturing, raw materials and other related businesses companies, form a luggage industrial cluster.

9) The type of traditional industries’ upgrading. Traditional historical products’ development and upgrading, such as Dangtu Bowang, it began to product scissors and kitchen knives from Ming dynasty, and from last century 70s’, developed the shearing blade, the forging mold and other products, and gradually developed from the tool manufacturing to many categories of industrial system which include machinery, machine tools and others.

10) The type of agricultural products processing. From local rich agricultural resources and deep agricultural products’ processing, such as Bozhou beef and mutton processing cluster, lead by the local meat processing enterprises, produce pollution-free food, green food, organic food, build the scale industrial cluster of operation group. (http://www.hfdpc.gov.cn, 2007)

Ⅲ. ANALYSIS OF ANHUI INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER’S

COMPETITIVENESS Only a few years，Anhui Industrial Cluster has developed fast. That benefits from its inherent competitive advantages, besides good macro environment which is national economy develops continuously. A. Competitive advantages

1） Location advantage. Anhui is the hinterland of eastern China, border on zhejiang, jiangsu and other eastern provinces, border line are more than 2,000 kilometers. Seven cities such as Maanshan, Chaohu, Chuzhou, Huangshan, Xuancheng and so land bridge economy belt” and “Yangtze River Delta economy on, border on Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Shandong. “double belt” as the two major radiate channel which undertake “Yangtze River Delta” industries shift to central China and western China, should first passes through Anhui, Anhui become the candidate which undertake radiation of economy from developed coastal areas. Now the high-speed railway EMU traffic mileage more than 1,200 kilometers, only Anhui accounts for 321 kilometers, China has 5 High-speed railways, Anhui has two of them which from Hefei to Nanjing and from Hefei to Wuhan, so the railway transportation is very convenient.

2) Resource advantage. Anhui is the important national energy material base, A variety of mineral resource’s reserve on the top in China, Coal’s reserve accounts for half of the eastern China, grain, cotton, oil, tea, animal husbandry, aquatic products and other agricultural production are on the top in China, Tourism resource also is very rich, be the unique pattern in China.

3) Labor advantage. Anhui labor resource is very rich，According to Anhui statistics bureau, rural surplus labor reach to 11.25 million, including 8.1 million people have part-time jobs in outland.

4) Intelligence advantage. Chinese academy of sciences and other research institutes in Anhui more than 70, colleges and universities which include University of science and technology of China, 5 countries’ big science engineering,

3 national-level laboratories, 43 provincial laboratory, and provincial project (technical) research center and enterprise technology center nearly 300，every year has provincial above great scientific and technological achievements more than 600. Hefei is national technological innovation experiment city, Huaibei and Bengbu are national patent technology trading platform and patent transformation base, Anhui form the high-tech industry system which include new material, biomedicine, electronic information technology, mechanic-electrical, new energy and energy efficient fields, has become the new potential growth point. (Tao cheng, Geng Guang-Yin, Wang Chun-Xian, 2009)

5) Culture advantage. Anhui is an undisputed rich cultural province, because of the unique geographical position, northern Anhui is characteristic of thinkers, Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu were born on plain of northern Anhui. There was the Philosophers’ converge land at northern and southern dynasty, has a long history and style heyday. Central Anhui, connected with Wu Kingdom and Chu Kingdom, relies on the Yangtze River’s convenient, was the humanities place all the time. Hui culture which originates from south Anhui, became Anhui cultural representative among many of the regional cultures. She not only created a great spiritual civilization, but also promoted the regional social and economic prosperity, such as Merchants. Even today still has far-reaching economic impact.

6) Policy advantage. Local government plays a positive guidance and regulation function in the formation of industrial cluster, provides market and technical information service, plans industrial park reasonable, promotes industrial agglomeration and improves regional investment environment. Through hold a series of international and national commodity exposition to improve the regional image, and promote the industrial clusters’ formation and development.

B. Competitive disadvantages

It is undeniable that as foreign and domestic environment changes, Anhui industrial cluster also faces great challenges. 1) Cluster’s quantity is little, and most of their scale is not large. From the Cluster’s quantity, compared with Zhejiang, it has a big gap, there are nearly 600 clusters' GDP can reach 100 million yuan in Zhejiang, Shaoxing Textile, Ningbo Leather，Chengzhou Necktie，Yongkang Hardware ,Wenzhou Leather shoes and other industrial cluster have become the Zhejiang production base which open up the international and domestic market. From industrial cluster’s managing scale, Anhui is only half of coastal area, or even more low proportion. Fujian had 20 industrial clusters which output super 10 billion yuan in 2008, and some of them are super 50 billion yuan, such as Fusha-computer and peripheral industrial cluster, Quanzhou textile clothing industry cluster and Quanzhou shoe industry cluster.（http://www.fjetc.gov.cn, 2009）

2) Low degree agriculture industrial concentration. Anhui is a big agricultural province, but also is a small processing province. The annual grain and cooking oil raw material output accounts 70%, but finished product output is only 30%. In 2007, there was 1 agriculture leading enterprise’s income

exceeds 2 billion yuan, above 1 billion yuan had 14 and above 100 million yuan had 150. But compare with Henan which also in central China and big agricultural province, had a big gap, Henan leading agricultural enterprises which annual sales revenue above 100 million yuan had 287 in 2007, Shuanghui group income was 35 billion yuan, and taxed 3.2 billion yuan. (Zhang Xian-Fu, Zhou Bing-Gen,Zhang Song-Ting, Tang Wen-Bing.2007)

3) Low level industrial structure, incomplete industrial chain. 30 years’ Reform and opening up, Anhui began to enter into the intermediate stage of industrialization, as Anhui economic growth dominant, industry grow fast in recent years, but low level industry structure, low correlation between industries, industrial products market share is not high, and economic benefit is low. At the same time, Anhui advantage industries are mostly resource-based and primary processing, in the low-end value chain, capital accumulation slow, this way made regional clusters’ expansion slowly, lacked of competitiveness. Most clusters are still in the stage of similar enterprises \"huddling\lack of correlation, supporting, cluster’s effects are relatively weak.

4) Low degree industrial localization and concentration. To improve a regional industrial cluster’s competitiveness, enterprises must firmly root in this area, make the cluster have more location characteristics, and let other clusters enter into this area difficultly. (Jin Yan-Hong, 2005) Anhui industries’ infrastructure is not perfect, services and intermediary organizations don’t develop enough, so made the cluster and regional bonding degree low.

5) Have no competitive industry cluster. Anhui industrial cluster can not be called real industry cluster, is only prototype of industrial clusters because of ideas and practice restraint, cluster is lack of attraction and concentration, so they did not be advantage during the investment, Enterprises had no strong demand of technology, connected with collages and scientific research institutions not regular, their staff have low quality, low innovation ability, all of this lead to develop slowly and sustainable development ability weak.

6) \"Location brand\" market influence remains to be strengthened. \"Location brand\"， namely industrial location is symbol of brand, it is the essence of the industrial cluster brand, compared to single enterprise's brand, regional brand is more extensive and continuous. Such as French perfume, Italy's fashion, the west lake longjing tea, etc. （Wang Yan-Seng, 2004）Currently in Anhui industrial cluster also has some famous brands, such as Meiling, Royalstar, Haier, Gujing and so on, but quantity is little and the influence isn’t enough, has not formed the true sense of \"location brand\". 7) Service system is insufficient, innovation ability is weak. Most areas developed industry cluster, they paid attention only to the core industry itself, finance, research and development, marketing, advertising, and peripheral services are seriously lagging, Infrastructure’s development is not prefect, and the association which delegated most enterprises, and communicate to social and government is underdeveloped, also lack of the professional education institutions and training system.

8) Leading enterprises’ effect is relatively weak. Although Anhui formed a batch of industrial clusters which are lead by leading enterprise, on the whole, some leading enterprise's own strength and innovation ability are limited, the driving force is weak, the industrial connection degree is low, The relationship between leading enterprises with other small or medium-sized enterprises is not closely, exists \"alone enterprise\" phenomenon.

9) Interaction between industrial cluster and professional market is not obvious. Now Anhui lacks national or regional professional market, most professional market product out-of-town production, many products are known by other provinces. But professional market construction is relatively lag, even if have already established professional markets, has not formed scale effect. (http://www.aheic.gov.cn, 2008) 10) There are many problems during Industrial park construction. At present, Anhui has a lot of development zones, High-tech zone and all kinds of industrial zone, industrial especially manufacturing park develops rapidly, basically plays an effect on obtaining the centralization economic. But the development of development zones and industrial park is just the growth of number. They also have some issues such as industrial structure identical, total slants small, project scale is small, the industrial characteristics is not apparent, and un-concentrated, etc. Enterprises in the park also have many problems，such as low industry level, small-scale investment, low technical content, industry chain is not long, lack of industrial division and characteristics.

Ⅲ. CONCLUSION

Advance the process of new industrialization and accelerate the development of regional economic, Anhui must develop industrial clusters, promote industry upgrading and enhance the industrial competitiveness. In recent years, Anhui industrial clusters developed rapidly, especially the county economy industrial clusters have their own characteristics, have played a huge role on the regional economy, but compared to the developed coastal areas such as Jiangsu and Zhejiang, both the number and size also have a greater gap. Therefore, base on rapid development of economic, Anhui will become one of the developed provinces in the middle area of China, if only research and follow the law of industrial clusters, improve policies, seize the opportunity and accelerate the development of industrial clusters.

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