考研英语(阅读)模拟试卷151(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（阅读）模拟试卷151 (题后含答案及解析)

全部题型 2. Reading Comprehension

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

As more and more electrified vehicles hit the floors of car dealerships, conventional wisdom has it that the market won’t get moving without richer incentives and dense battery-charging networks. It’ s not surprising that the market may take root in big cities: nowhere is the need for cleaner air and reduced carbon dioxide emissions more pressing, and nowhere else can you expect to find as many green-minded early adopters who will welcome a clean vehicle that takes them the short distances they need to go on one charge. These characteristics make large urban areas the ideal labs for the next phase of electric-vehicle development. Our research offers insights that can guide auto companies, battery makers, infrastructure providers, and city governments alike as they consider moving forward with this technology and the networks that support it. Large markets are waiting to be served. We found big clusters of potential early adopters— 20 percent in New York—who were distinguished by their green thinking and would consider buying an electric car. For early adopters, the charging problem isn’t as big as it seems. Unlike other groups of car buyers in New York and Shanghai, early adopters were willing to adjust their driving and parking habits to own an electric car. In fact, they indicated that a dense public charging infrastructure would only modestly increase their interest in buying such cars and that they were willing to cope with more limited charging options. This attitude reduces the need for public investments in the start-up stage, though a broad plug-in infrastructure will no doubt be critical as electrified vehicles migrate to mass adoption in large cities and elsewhere. This is also good news for automakers, which have the opportunity to overcome another major obstacle: battery limits. Since many drivers in large cities travel only short distances—to and from work, for instance—the near-term cost and duration of electric-car batteries is less of a problem there than it is elsewhere. Rather than offering only all-purpose electric vehicles, automakers can segment buyers according to their driving missions and develop attractively priced models with no more battery energy storage than many of their city drivers need. Consumer education is one such measure that will be critical for catalyzing both early and mass adoption. Forty percent of New York and Shanghai respondents said they didn’t know much about electric vehicles and many were anxious about driving-range limitations. Few knew that battery-powered cars are relatively quiet and can potentially accelerate faster than conventional ones. And more

important, many weren’t aware that electric cars help drivers save money on both fuel and maintenance in the long run.

1． Why are the big cities more likely to be large markets of electric vehicles? A．Because city dwellers like the idea of saving money on gas. B．Because the distance between the charging places is short. C．Because there are many environmental friendly people. D．Because people in large cities are willing to try new things.

正确答案：C

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词markets of electric vehicles定位至第二段第一句：电动汽车之所以更有可能在城市扎根，是因为城市里许多有环保意识的人愿意尝试这种新型交通工具，因此[C]与原文意思相符，故为答案。虽然原文中提到了充电站，但并没有说城市里充电站之间的距离很近，因此排除[B]；原文中没有提及大城市的人愿意尝试新事物，因此排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

2． It can be inferred from the passage that the public charging infrastructure A．is critical at the start-up stage of electric vehicles. B．has no influence on consumers’ buying interest. C．can greatly reduce the city’s pollutant emission.

D．should support the mass adoption of electric vehicles.

正确答案：D

解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词the public charging infrastructure定位至第四段第二、三句。由这两句可知，对于城市里的电动汽车潜在消费者来说，他们的购买欲望不会因是否有大规模的充电设施而产生大的区别，因此，在电动汽车的起步阶段，充电设施并不重要。但是，如果电动汽车的使用形成规模，这种基础设施就至关重要了，故[D]为正确答案。充电设施与环境的关系在文中没有涉及，因此排除[C]。 知识模块：阅读

3． What kind of electric vehicles should automakers produce for city users? A．All-purpose vehicles that suit everybody. B．Economic models for specific consumers.

C．Cheaper and more environment-friendly vehicles. D．Models with high energy storage batteries.

正确答案：B

解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词automakers定位至第五段。由该段最后一句可知，针对城市用户，汽车制造商最好是将客户分类，按照客户对电池储存电量的要求，开发价格低廉且耗电低的汽车，故[B]为正确答案。 知识模块：阅读

4． Which of the following may discourage the buyers of electric vehicles?

A．Driving range on one charge. B．Noise of operation. C．Acceleration speed. D．Cost on maintenance.

正确答案：A

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词discourage和electric vehicles定位至第六段第二句。在该句中，作者提到了很多受访者都对电动汽车的行驶里程表示担忧，因此，充电后的行驶距离有可能会打击消费者的购买积极性，故[A]为正确答案。而在第六段第三、四句中，文章提到电动汽车噪音更小，加速更快，而且保养费用也更低，这些都是电动汽车的优点，故排除[B]、[C]和[D]。 知识模块：阅读

5． What is the author’s attitude towards electric vehicles? A．Critical. B．Favorable. C．Neutral. D．Uncertain.

正确答案：B 解析：观点态度题。虽然作者在文章中没有直接表现出对电动汽车的赞赏之意，但是，文章中但凡涉及电动汽车的劣势和不足时，作者都在暗示大城市里的人们是可以容忍这些缺点的，而且在文章的最后一段，作者还提到电动汽车的多项优点，因此可以推断作者对电动汽车是持赞赏态度的，所以[B]为正确答案。 知识模块：阅读

Helping teachers to lift student achievement more effectively has become a major theme in US education. Most efforts that are now in their early stages or being planned focus either on building the skills of teachers already in the classroom or on retaining the best and dismissing the least effective performers. The question of who should actually teach and how the nation’s schools might attract more young people from the top tier of college graduates, as part of a systematic effort to improve teaching in the United States, has received comparatively little attention. McKinsey’s experience with school systems in more than 50 countries suggests that there is an important gap in the US teaching. In a new report, Closing the talent gap: Attracting and retaining top-third graduates to careers in teaching, we review the experiences of the world’s top-performing systems, in Finland, Singapore, and South Korea. These countries recruit 100 percent of their teacher corps from the top third of the academic cohort. Along with strong training and good working conditions, this extraordinary selectivity is part of an integrated system that promotes the prestige of teaching—and has achieved extraordinary results. In the United States, by contrast, only 23 percent of new teachers come from the top third, and just 14 percent of new teachers who come from the top third work in high-poverty schools, where attracting and retaining talented people is particularly difficult. The report asks what it would

take to emulate nations that systematically recruit top students to teaching if the United States decided that it was worthwhile to do so. McKinsey’s survey of nearly 1,500 top-third US college students and current teachers, highlighted in the report, shows that a major effort would be needed to attract and retain the best students to teaching. The stakes are high: recent McKinsey research found that a persistent achievement gap between US students and those in top-performing nations imposes the economic equivalent of a permanent national recession. Research on whether the academic background of teachers is a useful predictor of classroom effectiveness has had mixed results, and no single reform can be depicted as a silver bullet. But the success of the best-performing national systems suggests that an effort to attract the country’s top students to teaching deserves serious examination as part of a comprehensive human-capital strategy for the US education system.

6． What measures has the US considered to take to increase the students’ achievement?

A．Investing more money on teaching facilities. B．Providing various training for students. C．Attracting good graduates in teaching. D．Firing the incompetent teachers.

正确答案：D

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词the students’achievement定位至第一段第一、二句。这两句指出，美国正在尝试或者考虑尝试通过对现任教师进行培训、留住最好的教师和开除不称职的教师等手段来提升学生的学业表现，故[D]为正确答案。文中没有提到对教学设施进行投资或是对学生提供多种培训，因此排除[A]和[B]；第一段末句提到，美国在吸引优秀大学生从事教育工作方面给予的关注很少，故排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

7． The word “cohort”(Line 5, Para.2)most probably means A．group.

B．achievement. C．order. D．region.

正确答案：A

解析：语义理解题。根据题干指示定位至第二段第三句：这些国家的教师百分之百都来自在学业方面排名前三分之一的毕业生。通过上下文可以推断出，只能从某种群体中进行选择，才能选出前三分之一的人群。因此，推断出本句中cohort一词具有“一群人，一组人”的意思，[A]符合此意，故为答案。 知识模块：阅读

8． It can be inferred from McKinsey research that

A．schools in poor areas have difficulty in attracting good teachers.

B．only around 1,500 top-third students choose to be teachers.

C．improving the students’ performance may have positive effect on economy. D．teachers in the US have lower prestige than those in other top-performing nations.

正确答案：C

解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词the recent McKinsey research定位至第三段第二句。由该句可知，美国学生和那些表现出色的国家的学生在学业上持续存在的差距会导致国家经济的永久衰退。因此可以推断提高学生的表现可以使国家在经济方面取得积极的效果，故[C]正确。美国贫困地区的学校对优秀教师没有吸引力，这是事实，不需要进行推断，因此排除[A]；第三段首句说明，该调查的对象是美国排名前三分之一的优秀大学生和正在从事教学的教师，共1500名，并不是说目前从事教学的优秀大学生有1500人，[B]与之不符，故排除；麦肯锡的调查并没有表明美国的教师与其他教育发达国家的教师地位不同，故排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

9． According to the passage, the academic background of teachers is A．part of the useful system that can predict the classroom effectiveness. B．worth the serious consideration of US government and educators.

C．the biggest difference between the US and other top-performing nations. D．the key to the success of the best-performing national systems.

正确答案：B

解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词the academic background of teachers定位至第四段。由该段可知，虽然教师的学术背景并不是万能药，但其他国家的成功经验表明，美国也应该在这方面多加考虑，故[B]为正确答案。该段首句表明不能通过教师的学术背景直接预测学生的表现，故排除[A]；文中并没有提到美国与其他国家之间的最大区别在于教师背景的差异或者是其他国家的教育成功的关键是教师的学历背景，故排除[C]和[D]。 知识模块：阅读

10． What is the main idea of the passage?

A．There is still a long way to go before the US can recruit the top talent in teaching.

B．Teachers with strong academic background and good working conditions make an ideal teaching system.

C．The US should learn from other countries’ experience and attract top graduates to teach.

D．More research should be made on the relationship between teachers’ academic background and students’ performance.

正确答案：C

解析：主旨大意题。文章开篇就指出了美国在教育方面所忽视的问题，然后结合其他国家在教育方面的成功经验表明了美国与这些国家的差距所在，并且在结尾处指出，美国应该真正重视教师的学术背景了。因此，全文讨论的是美国应

该努力将优秀的大学毕业生吸引到教育行业中来，[C]与之相符，故为答案。文章仅提到了美国应该开始考虑吸引优秀人才从事教育工作，而没有提到真正达成这一目标还需要多少努力，故排除[A]；虽然文章第二段提到了某些国家的优秀教育体系中包括具有优秀学术背景的教师、良好的培训和优越的工作环境，但文章主要还是围绕目前美国教育中所存在的问题展开，并不是讨论理想的教育体系应该是什么样的，故排除[B]；虽然文章最后一段提到目前的研究还无法确定教师的学术背景与学生的学业表现之间的联系，但这只是文章的细节，不是全文的主旨，故排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

Women are crucial to US economic growth. Indeed, since women’s participation in the workforce took off, in the 1970s, their productivity has accounted for about a quarter of current GDP. But women still aren’t reaching their full economic potential. One important reason is that far too many highly skilled women simply don’t progress up the ladder in corporate America. A new McKinsey report, Unlocking the full potential of women in the US economy, delves into the details of this well-known phenomenon. The problem isn’t simply a lack of flexible working conditions or support for working mothers. Nor is it an inability to get women into the workforce or women’s desire to opt out; most can’t afford to. Instead, entrenched mind-sets and behaviors— at companies and among women themselves—are two of the biggest culprits in preventing women from advancing. The issue is particularly acute at the transition from middle manager to senior manager, a point when women have proven themselves professionally yet a disproportionate share leave corporate careers. For many, invisible biases become impassable. Our research included a survey of some 2,500 college-educated men and women. One striking discovery is that women who have progressed from entry-level jobs to middle management, and then from middle management to senior management, have, at each stage, an increasing interest in being leaders and an increasing belief that opportunities exist. How can companies help more women retain that enthusiasm? Most companies are already working hard to reduce structural problems(such as a lack of role models or access to informal networks)and are trying to shift work practices to meet their employees’ desire for a work-life balance. However, our survey and interviews uncovered some more insidious, difficult-to-address problems. These include senior executives’ perceptions that certain jobs just shouldn’t be available to women and a tendency to reward men for their potential but women only for their performance. Many women react to these barriers and biases by reducing their corporate ambitions in favor of achieving greater satisfaction across their lives—and companies lose out entirely. If women are to reach their full potential in the economy, companies must do at least as much to address those issues as they are doing to address the ones they can more easily see. Helping middle-management women to develop and advance will make the biggest difference because it will begin to reshape the corporate talent pipeline and help companies reach their goal of advancing more women to the top.

11． According to the new McKinsey report, women stopped to progress because A．working mothers find it difficult to balance work and family. B．women prefer to stay away from the competitive work. C．most women can’t take the risk to change their posts.

D．women can’t overcome the deep-rooted biases at the workplace.

正确答案：D 解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词the new McKinsey report定位至第二段，该段第四句明确指出，使女性无法在职场更进一步的关键原因在于企业以及女性自身根深蒂固的思维定势和行为，这是很多女性无法跨越的鸿沟。[D]符合文意，故为答案。虽然第二段第二句提到了女性需要平衡家庭和工作之间的关系，但这并不是主要原因，故排除[A]；文中没有提到女性逃避竞争，故排除[B]；第二段第三句提到了女性无法承担退出职场的风险，而不是女性无法承担更换工作的风险，故排除[C]。 知识模块：阅读

12． According to the survey in the research, as women get higher level jobs,they A．have more confidence in proving their professional ability. B．have more desire to stand out to lead the team.

C．face more pressure from the company and their peers.

D．find they are able to catch more opportunities of promotion.

正确答案：B 解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词the survey in the research定位至第三段。该段第二句指出，随着女性在职场上的职位上升，女性对成为领导者的兴趣都会增加，并越来越相信机会始终存在，[B]符合文意，故为答案。该句说明女性相信机会的存在，而没有提到她们对自己的能力越来越自信或发现她们更加能够抓住升职的机会，故排除[A]和[D]；该段没有提到职位越高，压力就越大，因此排除[C]。 知识模块：阅读

13． The word “insidious”(Line 4, Para.4)most probably means A．widespread. B．superficial. C．harmful. D．stubborn.

正确答案：C

解析：语义理解题。根据题干提示定位至第四段第三句。该段提到，虽然有的公司已经着手解决女性难以进入高级管理层的问题，但真正难以解决的是更为隐晦、更为有害同时也更难以解决的问题。由该句上下文可知，insidious一词应该是与difficult—to-address一词并列，并且含义与之相关，[C]“有害的”与其意思最贴近，故为答案。[A]“普遍的”、[B]“表面的”和[D]“顽固的”均与文意不符，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

14． According to the passage, middle-management women

A．are the most productive force in the company. B．are mostly content with what they have achieved. C．need company’s help to fully realize their potential. D．are willing to face the issues with their companies.

正确答案：C

解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词middle-management women定位至第五段。由该段第一句可知，要想充分发挥女性在经济方面的潜力，企业必须做出改变，打破固有的壁垒。由此可推断[C]与文意相符，故为答案。虽然第五段第二句提到帮助女性在工作岗位上更上一层楼对公司大有裨益，但并没有提到女性中层管理人员是公司最具生产力的群体，故排除[A]；第三段第二句提到，女性地位越高，对成为领导就越感兴趣，而不是说女性对目前的职务大都非常满意，故排除[B]；文中没有提到女性愿意与公司共同改变现状，故排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

15． What is the author’s attitude towards women’s getting into top-level management?

A．Supportive. B．Uncertain. C．Critical. D．Hopeful.

正确答案：A

解析：观点态度题。文章开篇即以数字的形式点明女性对国家经济的贡献，接着作者以麦肯锡的调查和研究为依托，分析了公司为使女性进入高级管理层需要解决的问题，最后作者明确指出，帮助女性进入公司高级管理层将对企业产生很多正面的影响。因此，作者是支持女性进入公司高级管理层的，[A]与文章内容相符，故为答案。[B]“不确定”、[C]“批评的”和[D]“有希望的”均与作者的态度不符．故排除。 知识模块：阅读

As overfishing destabilizes marine ecosystems around the world, fisheries are finding themselves in rough waters. Data from the UN Food and Agriculture Organization(FAO)indicate that 30 percent of all fish stocks are now overexploited(beyond their maximum sustainable limits)and an additional 50 percent are fully exploited(at or close to those limits). Their erosion and eventual collapse would pose an economic threat not only to fishers but also to everyone else whose livelihood depends on fisheries, which(according to the FAO)provide employment for 180 million people and account for a significant part of the animal protein consumed globally, particularly in developing countries. With 2008 exports that some experts estimate at more than $85 billion, fish and fishery products rank among the most widely traded agricultural commodities in the world, in a value chain the FAO says may generate $500 billion a year. A number of studies have shown that fisheries could make a significantly larger economic contribution if they were managed to their maximum sustainable yields. The World Bank puts the lost revenues at $51 billion a

year; other estimates range from $46 billion to $90 billion. But though establishing sustainable fisheries is clearly desirable and necessary, only limited research has explored in detail the challenges of the transition, particularly the economic implications for different participants. A new McKinsey report, Design for Sustainable Fisheries—Modeling Fishery Economics, helps to fill these gaps. The report finds that the transition to sustainable fisheries will be challenging for three main reasons. First, it typically requires a reduction in levels of fishing and changes in fishing practices, so short-term financial losses usually percolate through the value chain. Participants who lack alternatives or a longer-term interest in a fishery may be more concerned about losing short-term harvests than about driving a fishery to collapse. Second, even when a fishery becomes sustainable, the economic and other benefits may be unevenly distributed among participants. Finally, although sustainable fishing usually calls for data gathering and adequate management, in many areas these are hard to implement. Lacking good indications of a fish stock’s health, even people with the best intentions may overfish. To help address these challenges, McKinsey collaborated with experts from the University of California Santa Barbara. The researchers devised a methodology to compare the biological and economic impacts of different transition pathways to sustainability for specific fisheries and applied it to three case studies. Detailed field research uncovered the problems of stakeholders and the value chain dynamics, and in-depth modeling explored the biological and economic consequences of various management scenarios. To highlight the significantly different possibilities, the researchers compared the consequences of a “business as usual” scenario with those of various paths to sustainability. This approach can help align the interests of different stakeholders and provide them with an optimal solution based on the study of detailed biological and economic scenarios.

16． It can be inferred from the passage that the collapse of fisheries A．is the consequence of the destabilized ecosystem. B．means most of the fish stocks are overfished.

C．will most likely take place first in developing countries. D．will probably influence the eating habit of people.

正确答案：D

解析：推理判断题。根据题干关键词collapse of fisheries定位至第一段第三句。该句表明，渔业的衰退不仅会影响渔民，而且对所有从事与渔业相关行业的人员以及食用鱼类蛋白的人们都有影响，因此推断出，渔业的衰退有可能影响人们的饮食习惯，[D]与原文相符，故为答案。由第一段第一句可知，是渔业中的过度捕捞导致了海洋生态系统的异常，而不是生态系统的异常导致了渔业的破产，因此排除[A]；由第一段第二句可知，据联合国粮农组织统计，世界上30％的鱼群遭到过度捕捞，而不是大多数，故排除[B]；虽然发展中国家更为依赖鱼类作为动物蛋白的来源，但文章中并没有表明发展中国家的渔业会率先萎缩衰退，故排除[C]。 知识模块：阅读

17． The establishment of sustainable fisheries

A．could greatly increase the economic income of the fisheries. B．has gained much attention from the World Bank.

C．is a priority among all the research projects of McKinsey. D．involved a long-term transition and many participants.

正确答案：A

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词sustainable fisheries定位至第二段第一句：大量的研究表明，如果能达到最高可持续发展限额捕鱼量的话，渔业创造出的经济效益应该会更大。并且在该段的第二句中给出了具体的数字，[A]与文意相符，故为答案。 知识模块：阅读

18． The expression “percolate through”(Line 3, Para.3)most probably means A．breakthrough. B．involve. C．drift over. D．damage.

正确答案：B

解析：语义理解题。根据题千提示定位至第三段第二句：首先，由于需要减少捕鱼量，并在捕捞行为上做出改变，所以短期的经济损失会涉及价值链的各个方面。由该句的前半句内容可以推出，在so引导的从句中，主语“短期的经济损失”与宾语“价值链”之间需要有一个能够表示“关联，联系”之意的词进行连接，因此，“涉及”一词符合语境，故选[B]。 知识模块：阅读

19． The transition to sustainable fisheries could be difficult because A．it takes quite a long time to reach the final goal.

B．most participants dislike the changes in fishing practices.

C．finding alternatives to make up for short-term losses is difficult. D．data gathering of fish stocks cannot always be done properly.

正确答案：D

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词transition to sustainable fisheries定位至第三段。该段第一句为主题句，说明这一段所涉及的内容都是向可持续发展渔业转型可能会碰到的障碍。该段最后两句提到可持续发展渔业需要数据支持，但这一点却不那么容易做到，[D]与文意相符，故为答案。虽然该段第二句提到了转型是长期目标，短期内从业人员可能会蒙受损失，但文章并没有说时间过长是转型的障碍之一，因此排除[A]；文章中并没有提到人们不喜欢转变，因此排除[B]；文中也没有提到转型替代产品是否很难找到，故排除[C]。 知识模块：阅读

20． The collaboration of McKinsey with University of California Santa Barbara A．took the consequence of different ways of transition into consideration.

B．was carried out under the request of stakeholders and focused on their

interests.

C．emphasized its case studies on biological and economic consequences. D．set up the standard and in-depth transition models for the stakeholders.

正确答案：A

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词collaboration定位至第四段。该段第二句说麦肯锡公司与大学的合作将可持续发展渔业各种转型方式所造成的影响都考虑在内进行了研究，[A]与之相符，故为答案。文章没有说明该研究受谁委托，故排除[B]；该研究并没有强调它所进行的案例研究，因此排除[C]；该段最后一句说明，该研究只是为利益相关者提供了解决方案，并不是为他们确定转型的标准，因此排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

Barclays(BCS), in the wake of its ￡290 million($360 million)fine for manipulating the Libor rate, recently announced it was commissioning a top lawyer, Anthony Salz, to review the bank’s corporate culture. Let me spare Mr. Salz the trouble and tell him what he’s going to find. He will discover that Barclays has an aggressive, performance-oriented culture where people are under a lot of pressure to deliver the numbers. There is a short-term focus, an intolerance of mistakes, a cover-your-backside mentality, and a lack of collaboration. People work long hours, and the work-life balance is poor. The problem here is not Barclays—it’s the entire investment banking industry. This is just a description of the every-man-for-himself culture that pervades Wall Street and the City of London. The underlying problem, of course, is money. If you pay big individual bonuses, you get results. You also get a toxic corporate culture. We have known for years that individual performance pay works only under a very limited set of conditions—essentially when one person’s attempt to maximize his bonus is completely unlinked to what anyone else does: door-to-door selling, for example. In all other situations, it creates unwanted side effects. Group-based bonuses, on the other hand, can be highly effective for rewarding teamwork. U. K. retailer John Lewis(JLH)gives the same bonus to every single employee, typically 15 percent to 20 percent of their base salary. The day the bonus is announced is a day of celebration—because they are all happy for each other. At Barclays and other banks, bonuses are allocated individually, the amounts of money are huge(often many multiples of base salary), and the process is political and secretive. Everyone assumes they are getting less than the next person. Bonus season, rather than being a time to celebrate, is the most miserable and depressing part of the year. So what can the banks do? Reduce the variable rate of pay, increase base salaries, put in place broad-based, long-term incentives, and use these levers to shift all the softer elements of culture toward collaboration, long-term thinking, and a tolerance of well-intentioned failure. These are obvious and proven solutions, but of course, getting there from here is the challenge. Barclays itself just proposed a scheme for withholding bonuses until retirement—but unless the other banks put similar practices in place, it will just end up handicapping Barclays in the war for talent. It would be nice to think the banks will voluntarily reform their incentive systems and cultures, but I cannot see it happening without regulatory

pressure.

21． According to the passage, Barclays got a fine because A．a top lawyer reviewed the bank’s corporate culture. B．its top lawyer, Mr. Salt, was in trouble. C．it controlled the Libor rate.

D．it had an aggressive, performance-oriented culture.

正确答案：C

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词Barclays got a fine定位至文章第一段。该段第一句指出：巴克莱银行由于操纵同业拆放利率曾经受到2．9亿英镑(3．6亿美元)的罚款。显然，[C]与文意相符，故为正确答案。[A]是被罚后做出的举措，而不是原因；[B]是对第二段第一句的曲解；[D]也不是受罚的原因，故均排除。 知识模块：阅读

22． The phase “cover-your-backside”(Lines 3-4, Para.2)most probably means A．to let your friends protect you from potential risks. B．to protect your own back from other people’s attack. C．to make your back comfortable by wearing more clothes. D．to do something to protect yourself from blame in the future.

正确答案：D

解析：语义理解题。根据题干提示定位至第二段。该段第三句指出：这种文化目标短浅、不能容忍丝毫差错，……缺乏通力合作。该词前后的几个短语都属于贬义词，指出同事之间关系冷漠，因此可以排除[A]；而[B]和[C]都是对该词的字面理解，无法与上下文形成意思相近的逻辑关系，因此可以推断出答案为[D]，即“保护自己免受责备”。 知识模块：阅读

23． Individual performance pay works when

A．one’s job has no relations with what anyone else does. B．one person wants to maximize his bonus. C．a very limited set of conditions are created.

D．unwanted side effects are created in other situations.

正确答案：A

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词Individual performance pay works定位至第五段。该段第一句指出：个人的绩效奖金只在一些非常特定的情况下起作用——大体上是指一个人想使其奖金最大化的企图与其他人的工作毫无关联时，比如：上门推销。[A]中has no relations with是iscompletely unlinked to的同义转述，故为正确答案。[B]是对第五段破折号后的内容的曲解，故排除；[C]表述含糊，没有明确指出在哪种情况下；[D]是在其他情况下会产生的结果，而不是个人绩效奖金起作用的条件，故排除。 知识模块：阅读

24． What can be inferred from the 6th paragraph?

A．Group-based bonuses are more effective for rewarding teamwork.

B．Individual bonuses are more effective because the amounts of money are huge.

C．Group-based bonuses make people happy because they all receive bonuses. D．People are miserable because individual bonuses are political and secretive.

正确答案：A

解析：推理判断题。根据题干提示定位至第六段。该段第一句指出：以团队为基础的奖金对于奖励团队工作非常有效。接下来以英国零售商约翰·路易斯(JLH)为例进行说明，由此可以推知正确答案为[A]。根据本段最后一句文意可知[B]错误；根据第六段倒数第二句可知，人们痛苦的原因是由于他们认为自己的奖金比别人少，故排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读

25． The new scheme Barclays proposed will A．make Barclays lose talent to other banks. B．make other banks adopt similar practices.

C．be obvious and proven solutions for the problem. D．not happen without regulatory pressure.

正确答案：A

解析：事实细节题。根据题干关键词scheme可以定位至第八段。该段第二句指出：巴克莱银行自己提出了一个方案：扣留奖金直至退休——但是除非其他银行也实施同样的做法，否则这个方案只能使巴克莱银行输掉人才的争夺战，[A]与文意相符，故为正确答案。第八段第二句but后面的unless是条件，而不是结果，因此排除[B]；Obvious and proven solutions指的是上一段提到的内容，而不是巴克莱银行提出的方案，因此排除[C]；没有规章制度的压力就不会实现的是其他银行的改革，因此排除[D]。 知识模块：阅读