及物动词和不及物动词
英语中的实义动词，有及物动词（transitive verb）和不及物动词（intransitive verb）之分，缩写形式分别为vt.和vi. 。
一、 及物动词
及物动词是指后面可直接跟宾语，并且必须跟宾语才能使其意义完整的动词。大部分及物动词有被动语态。及物动词常用于以下三种结构中： （1）“主语+谓语+宾语”结构
此时的宾语可以是一个名词、代词、不定式、动名词或者从句。如： Mary enjoys music .(名词) He loves her.（代词）
I want to get your help.(不定式短语) I don’t know what to do.(疑问词+不定式)
The old man enjoys living in the countryside.(动名词短语) I don’t think that he’s right.(宾语从句)
学法点拨：常接不定式作宾语的动词有：attempt, dare, decide, desire, expect, hope, intend, learn, need, offer, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wishi等。 可以接“疑问词+不定式”作宾语的动词有：ask, consider(考虑)，decide, discover, explain, forget, guess, know, learn, remember, see, tell , think, understand, wonder等。
常接动名词作宾语的动词有：advise, avoid, ban , delay, enjoy, finish, imagine, mind , miss , practice, risk等。
接不定式和接动名词作宾语意义差别很大的动词有：forget, remember, regret, mean等。 （2）“主语+谓语+双宾语”结构
该结构中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语，一个是表示物的直接宾语。间接宾语一般在前面，直接宾语在后面。如：
Tom left Mary a message.
有时直接宾语和间接宾语可以对调，此时间接宾语前应加上介词to或for。 主语+及物动词+物（直接宾语）+to+人（间接宾语）。如：He offered a job to her. 主语+及物动词+物（直接宾语）+for+人（间接宾语）。如：Mother made a nice dress for the little girl. 学法点拨：间接宾语前常用to的动词有：give, tell, lend , sell , teach, send , write, show, return, bring,
pass, leave, offer, hand等。间接宾语前加介词for的动词有：buy, choose, get, make, order, sing, do , save等。
（3）“主语+谓语+复合宾语”结构
该结构中的动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟宾语还不能表达完整的意思。宾语和宾语补足语在“意义”上是一种主谓或动宾关系。如：We elected Li Yang our monitor.(Li Yang is our monitor.) The news made us sad.(We were sad.)
能充当宾语补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等，用来补充说明宾语。如： He appointed John marketing manager.(名词) The news made me happy.(形容词)
I found myself in darkness.(介词短语) He encouraged her to work harder.(不定式短语) Don’t leave the water running after you have washed your hands. (分词)
a. 及物动词+宾语+形容词
believe相信 find发现 get使 keep使保持 leave留下 make使 push推 consider认为 declare宣布 imagine想象 judge判断 think认为
We all believe him honest and kind.我们都相信他诚实、善良。 b. 及物动词+宾语+名词
call叫 name命名 make使成为 wish祝愿 consider认为 keep使 choose选择 elect选举 We consider him a strange person.我们认为他是一个奇怪的人。
c. 及物动词+宾语+带to的不定式
advise建议 allow允许 ask要求 expect期望 invite邀请 get使 order命令 tell告诉 teach教
wish希望 warn警告 want想要
Mother often tells me to make friends carefully.妈妈经常告诫我交朋友要慎重。 d. 及物动词+宾语+to be+名词/形容词
believe认为 consider认为 feel感觉 find发现 imagine想象 know知道 suppose猜测 understand理解 prove 证明 declare宣布
注意：这些结构中的to be可能省略，也就是说，这种结构相当于“及物动词+宾语+名词/形容词”。 e. 及物动词+宾语+不带to的不定式
have使 make使 let让 see看见 notice注意 feel感觉 watch观看 look at看 listen to听 observe观察 discover发现 hear听见
注意：这类动词（词组）在变被动语态时不能省略to。They are made to work all day long. f. 及物动词+宾语+现在分词
see看见 hear听见 keep使 catch抓住 find发现 have让 watch观察 smell闻到 look at看 observe观察 discover发现 get使
Can you hear someone playing the piano next door?你能听见隔壁有人在弹钢琴吗？ g. 及物动词+宾语+过去分词
have使 get使 make使 find发现 feel感觉 see看见 hear听见 think认为 watch观看
I couldn’t make myself heard by all the listeners. 我不能使所有听众都听见我说话。 h. 及物动词+宾语+of sth.
accuse控告 cheat欺骗 cure治愈 inform通知 remind提醒 rid摆脱 rob抢劫 warn警告 The song reminds me of my school days.这首歌让我想起了我的学生时代。 i. 及物动词+宾语+for doing sth.
blame 指责 criticise批评 forgive原谅 excuse原谅 pardon原谅 punish惩罚 scold指责 thank感谢
Forgive me for saying so. I didn’t mean to hurt you.请原谅我这样说， 我并不是故意伤害你的。 j. 及物动词+宾语+as/for等引起的介词短语
regard看作 consider认为 choose选择 use用 keep保持，保留 You can keep this book as your own.你可以留着这本书。
学法点拨:有时作宾语的不定式、动名词。宾语从句跟一个补足语时，为保持句子结构平衡，避免句式结构混乱，要用
it作形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放在句尾，构成“主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语”结构。如： I found it very pleasant to be with your family.
二、 不及物动词
不及物动词后面不可以直接跟宾语，但可以接副词、不定式、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。不及物动词没有被动语态。
The machine works smoothly.(副词) They stopped to take a short rest.(不定式短语) He is standing by the window. (介词短语)
不及物动词如果要接宾语，必须加介词或副词。这些加了介词的不及物动词，很多有固定的意思。如： The boy looked up very word he came across while reading.
这类结构常见的有：appeal to, associate with, belong to, bow to, care for, complain of , consist of , contribute to , depend on, end with, listen to , long for, object to, refer to, relate to, result in , suffer from, think of, wait for等。
Ⅰ.单项选择
1. The workers the glasses and marked on each box“This Side Up”.
A. carried B. delivered C. pressed D. packed
2. If she doesn’t want to go, nothing you can say will her.
A. persuade B. promise C. invite D. support
3. The teachers in the city demanded that their pay close to the level of civil servants.
A. be raised B. would raise C. would rise D. should be risen
4. As the story , the truth about the strange figure is slowly discovered.
A. begins B. happens C. ends D. develops
5. The president hopes that the people will be better off when he quits than when he .
A. has started B. starts C. started D. will start
6. The new movie to be one of the biggest money-makers of all time. A. promises B. agrees C. pretends D. declines
7. William found it increasingly difficult to read, for his eyesight was beginning to . A. disappear B. fall C. fail D. damage 8. Mary, I John of his promise to help you.
A. told B. reminded C. warned D. advised
9. I a bank account after I made $1,000 by doing a part-time job during the summer vacation. A. borrowed B. opened C. entered D. ordered 10. –Are you still mad at her?
--Not really, but I can’t that her remarks hurt me. A. deny B. refuse C. reject D. decline
11. I’d prefer to my judgement until I find all the evidence. A. show B. express C. pass D. reserve Ⅱ. 用适当的动词或动词短语完成下列句子。 1. reach /reach for
(1) They Beijing by train on May 8. (2) She the dictionary on the shelf. 2. know /know of
(1) How did you come to this?
(2) I got to him in the autumn of 1963. 3. meet /meet with
(1) He is my assistant, and you can turn to him if you any problem when I’m not here. (2) I often her on the street. 4. begin/ begin with
(1) Knowledge practice. (2) Let’s our class.
Ⅲ.阅读短文，用括号中所给动词的适当形式填空。
Policemen (call) by a shop in Livingston on Christmas morning. When they (arrive) they found two burglars (keep) in a lift with a heavy money box. The two men were in their twenties. They (break) into an office in the shop and taken the money box and run into the lift. They didn’t
see the sign in the door (say)
“It (carry) no more than two people.”“They (keep) between the floors because they took a heavy box,”the police officer said . They were kept there for six hours, (sit) on what they wished to be their Christmas present.
They (do) this when people were at home for Christmas with their families. It was a very special moment when the policemen opened the door and they walked out (hold) their arms. They said they had never been so pleased to see the police. The policemen said they were pleased to see them too.
