状语从句讲解

状语从句讲解

（一） 时间状语从句

1. when,while和as

1） when的用法

(1) when既可以引导一个持续动作，也可以引导一个短暂的动作，可用于主句和从

句动作同时发生或从句动作先于主句动作。

When i lived there,I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.

When the film ended,the people went back.

(2) when 可以用作并列连词，意为在那时，在这时，相当于 and at this/that time

i was thinking of this when I heard my name called.

He was on the point of leaving when someone knocked at the gate.

We had just fallen asleep when the bell rang.

(3) when还可以表示既然

Why do you want a new job when you are got such a good one already?

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2） while的用法

(1) 续的。

while 还可表示当.....的时候，或与....同时发生.while 从句中的动作应该是可持

They arrived while we were having dinner,

(2) while表示对比，却，但是，然而，用于强调两种情况等之间的差别。

That region has plenty of natural resources while this one has none.

(3) while 可以表示虽然，尽管，相当于although

while i understand waht you say, I can’t agree with you.

3)as的用法， 表示当.....的时候或者随着

As time passed, things seemed to get worse.

4) 如果主句表示的是短暂动作，而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作时，when,while,,as 可以相互使用。

When/while/as I was walking down the street ,I came across an old friend of mine.

2. sa soon as ,immediately,directly instantly ,the moment, the minute, the

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instant,no sooner....than....,hardly/scarcely....when...和once（一。。。。就。。。）

这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生，主句的动作随即就发生。从句中用一般时态代替将来时态。

Once she arrives, we can start.

He said he’d phone you the moment he got home.

The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.

注意：no sooner .....than ,hardly/scarcely....when....这一结构时态搭配：no sooner 和

hardly/scarcely引导的主句谓语动词应用过去完成时，而than 和when引导的从句谓语动词应用一般过去时，此外，当把no sooner 和hardly/scarcely放在句首的时候，应该用倒装语序。

I had hardly got home when it began to rain .

Hardly had I got home when it began to rain

3. till ,until ,和not....until.....

1） till, untill 一直到.....主句谓语动词必须是延续性动词，主句，从句都为肯定式

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You may stay here until the rain stops.

2) till, until 直到....才... 主句谓语动词必须是非延续性动粗，主句为否定式，从句为肯定式。

I didn’t learn to drive till I was thirty three.

3)till 不可以置于句首， 而until可以。

4）not .....until 句型中的强调和倒装用法。

It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it .（强调句型）

Not until you told me did I have any idea of it. (not until 置于句首，主句要倒装)

4, before 和since

1）before 表示 还未。。。就。。。，不到。。。。就。。。。，。。。。才。。。，趁，还没来得及或“以防”。

Before 从句中谓语不用否定式。

We hadn’t run a mile before he left tired.

Put that money somewhere safe before it gets stolen.

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2) before 的句型：It will be +时间段+before从句。表示多久之后才。。。。

It willbe some time before we know the full results.

3)since 自从，其主句多为现在完成时或现在完成进行时，从句多为一般过去时。

I have written home four times since I came here.

4) since 的句型：It is /has been +时间段+since从句。若从句谓语为非延续性动词，表示自从。。。。有多久，若从句谓语为延续性动词，则表示自从结束、完成。。。起有多久。

It is three years since the war broke out. 战争爆发以来有三年了。

It is three years since she was in our class. 她离开我们班有三年了。

4. every time,each time, next time, the first time, any time, all the time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句，表示 每当。。。，每次。。。。，下次。。。。等。

Every time I meet her I always forget her name.

The last time I spoke to Bob he seemsd happy euough.

(二)地点状语从句

1,地点状语从句可用where，wherever, anywhere,everywhere,等引导。

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You are free to go wherever you like.

He would live with his grandfather anywhere she lived.

注意区分where引导的定语从句与状语从句：

You’d better make a mark where you have any questions

You’d better make a mark at the place where you have any questions.

(三) 原因状语从句

1. 常用引导词：because, since, as, for

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.

比较：because, since, as和for

1. because引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之后， because表示直接原因， 语气最强，表示不知道的原因用because，即说话人认为听话人不知道。因此because从句是全句最重要的部分，通常被放置于主语之后。

注意： “not ... because”结构中的not否定的是because引导的整个从句， 例如： The country is not strong because it is large. 国强不在大。

2. since引导的原因状语从句一般放于主句之前表示已知的、 显然的理由(通常被翻译

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成“既然”)，语气比because弱。例如：

Since you are free today, you had better help me with my mathematics. 既然今天你休息， 你最好帮我补习数学。

注意： seeing (that)， now (that)， considering (that)， in that这几个词汇与since引导的原因状语从句意思相近， 都表示“既然”。例如：

Seeing (that) he refused to help us, there’s no reason that we should now help him. 他既然曾经拒绝帮助我们， 我们现在没有理由要来帮助他。

Now (that) you are grown up, you should not rely on your parents. 既然你长大了， 就不应该依靠你的父母了。

Considering (that) everybody is here, let’s begin our discussion. 既然大家都到了， 我们就开始讨论吧。

In that he is ill, he feels unable to do it. 因为有病， 他觉得做不了那件事。

3. as 引导原因状语从句时表示附带说明的“双方已知的原因”， 较为正式， 位置较为灵活(常放于主句之前)。例如：

As it is raining, you’d better take a taxi. 既然在下雨， 你最好乘出租汽车。

As you are tired, you had better rest. 既然累了， 你最好休息一下。

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I went to bed early, as I was exhausted. 我睡得早， 因为我筋疲力尽了。

4. for引导的是并列句表示原因但并不说明主句行为发生的直接原因， 只提供一些辅助性的补充说明， for引导的并列句只能放于主句之后并且必须用逗号将其与主句隔开。例如：

He could not have seen me, for I was not there. 他不可能见过我， 因为我不在那里。

（四）目的状语

目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

1. in order that 与so that

都表示以便，引导的状语从句中需要用情态动词，in order that 比so that 正式，引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后，so that 引导的从句一般置于主句之后。

He drew a plan of the village so that she could find his house easily.

In order that we might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.

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2. for fear that 和in case

这些从属连词本身带有否定意义，以免，以防，相当于so that....not.....或者in order that.... not....

Take your umbrella with you in case it rains.

He took an umbrella with him for fear that it might rain.

(五 )结果状语从句

1. 引导结果状语从句的从属连词：so that, so.....that....,such.....that...在非正式语体中，由so.....that....,such .......that 引导的句子中that可以省略，注意其结构形式

So +形容词/副词+that从句

So +形容词+a/an +可数名词单数形式+that从句

So many/much /few/little +名词+that从句

Such +a/an+形容词+可数名词复数形式/不可数名词+that从句

It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park

He earned so little money that he couldn’t support his family.

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2. 当so或者 such置于句首时，主句要用倒装语序。

So clever was he a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.

(六)条件状语从句

常用引导词：if, unless,

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that

1、unless conj.除非，若不，除非在……的时候

You will fail to arrive there in time unless you start earlier.如果你不早点动身，你就不能及时赶到那儿。

Unless it rains,the game will be played.除非下雨，比赛将照常进行。

2、on condition(that)...在……条件下，如果 on condition (that)...引导的条件从句是主句事件发生的前提条件或唯一条件。

I can tell you the truth on condition that you promise to keep a secret.我可以告诉你，条件是你答应保守秘密。

You can go swimming on condition (that) you don't go too far from the river

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bank.你只有在不远离河岸的条件下才可以下水游泳。

3、supposing conj.如果，假如 supposing引导的条件从句表示一种假设条件。

Supposing it rains,shall we continue the sports meeting?倘若下雨，我们的运动会还要继续举行吗?

Supposing anything should go wrong,what would you do then?假如出了什么问题，你准备怎么对付?

4、provided conj.假如，除非，以……为条件 provided (that) +从句表示一种假设条件。

He will sign the contract provided we offer more favorable terms.如果我们提出更优惠的条件，他就会在合同上签字。

He won't be against us in the meeting provided that we ask for his advice in advance.如果我们提前征求一下他的意见，他就不会在会上反对我们。

从上述例句可以看出if,unless,on condition (that),supposing,provided等词引导的条件状语从句，主从句条件关系分明，结构清晰。

但有些句子，虽没有含条件关系的连词，却也隐含着条件关系，这些句子常用一些词，如but for,without等引出一个介词结构来表示条件，条件常常是虚拟的，或与事实相反的假设。

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如：but for若非，要不是

But for the rain,we should have a pleasant journey.要不是下雨，我们的旅行肯定会很愉快。

But for your help,we should not have finished in time.要不是你帮忙，我们肯定不能及时完成任务

if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种：

真实条件句

如：If it rains tomorrow,we won’t go on a park 非真实条件句是虚拟语气的一种，表示与事实相反，如：

If I were you,I would go with him.

而真实条件从句适用于主将从现，是假设有可能发生的。而虚拟条件从句是假设不太可能发生的。

IF的虚拟语气有三种：

内容 从句 主句

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与现在事实相反 动词过去式（be用were） would/could/should/might+动原

与过去事实相反 had+动词过去分词 would/could/should/might+have+动分

与将来事实相反 should/were to+动原 would/could/should/might+动原

下面三句依次是上面三种情况的例句：

If I were you ,I would/could/should/might do that.

If I had know that yesterday,I would/could/should/might have told you .

If it should rain ,the crops would/could/might be saved.

（七）． 让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever

⑴though,although表示“虽然，纵然”之意。

这两个连词意思大致相同，在一般情况下可以互换使用。在口语中，though较常使

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用，although比though正式，二者都可与yet,still或never，the less连用，但不能与but连用。例如：

Although/Though he was exhausted,(still) he kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但仍然继续工作。

Although/Though he is very old,(yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。

⑵as,though表示“虽然……但是”，“纵使……”之意。

as引导的让步状语从句必须以部分倒装的形式出现，被倒装的部分可以是表语、状语或动词原形，though也可用于这样的结构中，但although不可以这样用。例如：

Object as you may,I’ll go.(=Though/Although you may object,I’ll go.) 纵使你反对，我也要去。

Hard as/ though he works,he makes little progress. (=Though he works hard,he makes little progress.）尽管他学习很努力，但几乎没取得什么进步。

Child as/though he was,he knew what was the right thing to do.（=Though he was a child,he knew what was the right thing to do.）虽然他是一个孩子，但他知道该做什么。

Fast as you read,you can’t finish the book so soon. 纵然你读得快，你也不能这么快读完这本书。

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⑶even if,even though 表示“即使……”，“纵使……”之意，含有一种假设。

这两个复合连词的意思基本相同。它们常互换使用，但意义有细微差别。even if引导的让步从句含有强烈的假定性，可用来表示与事实相反的假设，但不能用来描述已经发生的事实。而even though引导让步状语从句时，是以从句的内容为先决条件的，即说话人肯定了从句的事实，表示已经发生了的事。例如：

We’ll make a trip even if/though the weather is bad. 即使天气不好，我们也要作一次旅行。

Even if he is poor,she loves him. (=He may be poor,yet she loves him.）即使他很穷，但她还是爱他。

Even though he is poor,she loves him. (=He is poor,yet she loves him.）尽管他很穷，但她还是爱他。

⑷whether...or...表示“不论是否……”，“不管是……还是……”之意。

由这一个复合连词引导的让步状语从句旨在说明正反两方面的可能性都不会影响主句的意向或结果。例如：

You'll have to attend the ceremony whether you're free or busy. 不管你忙不忙，都要参加这个典礼。

Whether you believe it or not,it's true.无论你是否相信，这都是真的。

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⑸“no matter+疑问词”或“疑问词-ever”的含义为“……都……；不管……都……”

它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如：

No matter what happened,he would not mind. (=Whatever happened,he would not mind.) 无论发生了什么事情，他都不会介意的。

No matter who you are,you must keep the law.(=Whoever you are,you must keep the law. 不管你是谁，你都需要遵纪守法。

但“no matter+疑问词”结构只能引导让步状语从句，而“疑问词-ever”还可以引导名词性从句。例如：

Whatever (=No matter what) you say,I won’t believe you. (Whatever 引导让步状语句） 无论你说什么，我都不会相信你。

I'll eat whatever （≠no matter what) you give me. (whatever引导宾语从句）你给我吃什么，我就吃什么。

Whoever comes will be welcome. (Whoever 引导主语从句) 不管谁来都受到欢迎。

此外，有时while也可以引导让步状语从句，但一般要位于句首。例如：

While I like the colour,I don't like the shape.我虽然喜欢那颜色，但不喜欢那形状。

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8． 比较状语从句

常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A to B is what/as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B

as...as...

He woke up as suddenly as he had fallen asleep. 他醒来得和入睡一样突然。(第一个as是副词)

I have never seen so much rain as fell that February. 我从未见过像那个二月那么多雨。(否定结构常用so…as, 也可用as... as)

than

Man developed earlier than people think. 人类的出现比人们所想的要早。

He moves more slowly than his sister does. 他行动起来比他妹妹慢。

The youth of today are better off than we used to be. 今天的年轻人比我们过去的境况要好。

according as

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You may go or stay, according as you decide. 是去是留由你自己决定。

You will be praised or blamed according as your work is good or bad. 你受表扬还是责备得看你的工作好坏决定。

in proportion as

Men are happy in proportion as they are virtuous. 人之幸福与德行成正比。

Some people are happy in proportion as they are noticed. 有些人越受到注意就越高兴。

The most…in/of

This book is the most interesting of the three.这本书是三本中最有趣的。

the + 形容词+est…of/in

This road is the busiest street in our city. 这条路是我们城市最繁忙的街道。

no more than只不过(嫌少的意思)

I have no more than two pens.我只有两支笔。

It’s no more than a mile to the shops.去商店不过一英里。

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not more than不如。。。；(前者不如后者)

Jack is not more diligent than John.捷克不如约翰勤奋。

one of the + 名词(复数)….之一(用于最高级)

Han Mei is one of the best students in our school. 韩梅是我们学校最好的学生之一。

9． 方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if, how

特殊引导词：the way

方式状语从句常见的引导词有表示“像……”的as和表示“好像……”的as if/as though， 例如： Let’s study as Lei Feng studied. 让我们像雷锋那样学习吧。// Think as I think. 像我这样去想。// He talks as if/though he is drunk.从他谈话的样子来看他好像醉了。

1. 方式状语从句通常由as, (just) as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1） as, (just) as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just) as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是\"正如…\"，\"就像\"，多用于正式文体，例如：

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Always do to the others as you would be done by.

你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man.

我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.

正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2） as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作\"仿佛……似的\"，\"好像……似的\"，例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if (as though) they never existed.

他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

He looks as if (as though) he had been hit by lightning.

他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

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It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.

看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：

He stared at me as if seeing me for the first time.

他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.

他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.

波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

2.其他的引导词

1）the way：Please pronounce the word the way I do.请照我这样,读这个单词.

2）口语常用的like：He sit there smiling like it was his birthday.他面带微笑坐在那儿,像是过生日似的. （这里用了虚拟语气，值得注意的是be动词用的was，而表示虚拟as if引导的be动词则只能是were。）

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状语从句的简化 ♠状语从句的省略

状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：

When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year .

He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible.

3）固定句式：A is to B what C is to D 例如：

Nine is to three what three is to one.

另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：

I’m taller than he (is tall ).

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).

状语从句的\"简化\"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。

(1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:

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If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。

You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。

(2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形:

a.连词+形容词

As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。

Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。

Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。

b.连词+名词

While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩子时代就乐于助人。

Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,但现在他是位著名的导演了。

c.连词+现在分词

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As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。

Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。

d.连词+过去分词

He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。

The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。

e.连词+不定式

He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。

He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。

f.连词+介词短语

She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。

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He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。

注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用主格结构来表达。例如:

When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over,

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