2018届高考英语二轮复习练习：专题四 阅读理解2.4.2(含解析)

A

(2017·甘肃省第一次高考诊断试卷)

In China，there are usually two reasons why people receive messages from friends and relatives from whom they haven’t heard for a while.The first is about New Year greetings，which are always welcome.The second reason is often unpleasant，however; people are increasingly contacting longlost friends，or even casual acquaintances，and urging them to cast online votes for their children or grandchildren in competitions.

The practice，which has been growing rapidly，has now reached the point where people are becoming tired and may even feel annoyed.

The results of a recent survey conducted by the Jinhua Evening News in East China’s Zhejiang Province show that 94 percent of 384 interviewees were once asked by friends or relatives to cast votes online for their children.The contests range from the “cutest baby” to dancing competitions，but in many cases the people receiving the messages haven’t heard from the sender for a long time and have never met the child involved.

Although the competitions may appear to be harmless fun，some education professionals are concerned that they could have a negative effect on children.

Tang Sulan，a member of the CPPCC’s National Committee (全国政协委员会)，proposed a ban on online competitions featuring children to prevent future psychological issues.She was also concerned that public disclosure of a child’s personal information and publication of photos cause a potential risk to the child’s safety.

Li Hongyan，the mother of an 11-year-old girl and an 18-month-old boy in Beijing，said she has never urged others to vote for her children.Although on the surface the children are competing among themselves via their parents’ social networks，the competitions are also about parents seeking a“sense of victory” for themselves，she said.“It feels as though parents are using their babies as tools to win glory for themselves，rather than truly respecting their kids’ dignity and nature.”However，despite her dislike of the contests，she has twice voted for the babies of close friends because “it would be embarrassing to say no”．

语篇解读 本文介绍了最近社会上常见的一种现象，有些家长为了给孩子在网上拉票，可谓不择手段，甚至要求不常联系的朋友和不熟悉的朋友投票。这种现象已让越来越多的人感到厌烦和恼怒。文章通过《金华晚报》对这一现象的调查进行了分析。

1. What is the best title for the text?

A．Receiving Messages：An Unhappy Experience B．To Say No：An Embarrassing Experience C．A Dilemma：Vote or Not

D．Child’s Safety and Casting Votes Online

解析： 主旨大意题。纵观全文可知，一些专家提到这种现象会对孩子产生消极的影响，但最后一段谈到如果你拒绝朋友的投票要求，会非常尴尬。因此，“投还是不投？”是一个进退两难的困境。

答案： C

2．What does the underlined word“disclosure” in Paragraph 5 probably mean? A．Exposure. C．Reputation.

B．Concern. D．Competition.

解析： 词义猜测题。这里表达的意思是：一名政协委员担心公开曝光孩子的个人信息和照片会对孩子的安全造成潜在的风险。根据词根closure(关闭；倒闭；暂时封闭)，再结合前缀dis-(表示相反或否定)及语境可猜测出，disclosure意思是“透露的信息；披露”，与exposure“揭露；暴露”意义相近。

答案： A

3．What can be inferred from Li Hongyan’s words?

A．Her children don’t want to join in those online competitions. B．She urges people to vote for the babies of her close friends. C．She agrees to bring the children to their parents’ social networks. D．She opposes the idea of parents seeking votes for children.

解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段第一句“...never urged others to vote for her children.”和最后一句“However，despite her dislike of the contests...”可知，李红艳反对父母给孩子拉选票这种现象。

答案： D

B

(2017·广东佛山市检测)

The times are changing.On Thursday October 13th，singer-songwriter Bob Dylan was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature，marking the first time the highly-eyed-on literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician，and giving rise to heated discussions.

The 75-year-old won the prize “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”，the Swedish Academy said.

“For 54 years he has been at it，reinventing himself，” said Sara Danius，the academy’s permanent secretary.“Bob Dylan writes poetry for the ear.But it’s perfectly fine to read his works as poetry.”

And while many Dylan’s fans have found great delight at the news，others online and in the literary community are_cross_with the Committee，saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year.

New York Times Book Review editor Pamela Paul said it was good news but pointed out how many “deserving” novelists there are.

Director Martin Scorsese put out a statement saying he was“overjoyed” that Dylan was awarded the prize. “Dylan’s poetry ，his musical genius，has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world，” Scorsese said.“His work has influenced and shaped culture，and he has never stopped exploring and growing as an artist.The Nobel Committee has given Dylan a form of recognition that fits his role in our culture—in world culture.”

Dylan won a Pulitzer Prize in 2008 for his “great influence on popular music and American culture”．He’s the first American to win the literary Nobel since Toni Morrison in 1993.

语篇解读 作为一名歌手，鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖的消息让很多感意外，从而引发热议。 4. Why does Bob Dylan’s winning the Nobel Prize cause heated discussions? A．He created poetic expressions. B．He is known as a musician. C．He reinvents himself. D．He is 75 years old.

解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段中的“...marking the first time the highly-eyed-on literary award has gone to someone who is mainly seen as a musician...”可知，正是因为鲍勃·迪伦是一位歌手，所以获得诺贝尔文学奖才引发热议。

答案： B

5．Which is closest in meaning to the underlined part in Paragraph 4? A．are thankful to C．are angry with

B．are satisfied with D．are worried about

解析： 词义猜测题。第四段开头的“And while many Dylan’s fans have found great delight at the news”中while表示“尽管”，引导让步状语从句，所以后面的“others online and in the literary community are cross with the Committee”中的are cross with与found great delight意思应该相反。再根据最后的“saying the award has skipped over fiction writers for the second year”可判断，are cross with应表示“对……生气”，而不是D项中的“担心……”。

答案： C

6．What can we know about Dylan according to Martin Scorsese? A．Dylan influences Martin a lot. B．Dylan is happy with the award. C．Dylan is a poet rather than a musician. D．Dylan benefits a lot from world culture.

解析： 细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中的“Dylan’s poetry，his musical genius，has meant so much to me personally and to generations of people around the world”可知，鲍勃·迪伦对他影响很大。

答案： A

7．What is the passage mainly about? A．A brief introduction to Bob Dylan. B．The reason for Bob Dylan’s success. C．Bob Dylan’s influence on American culture.

D．Different views on Bob Dylan’s winning the Nobel Prize.

解析： 主旨大意题。文章开头就点明了鲍勃·迪伦获得诺贝尔文学奖引起了热议，接着说明了不同的人对此事的不同态度。

答案： D

阅读理解题型突破(五) 猜测词义类

A

(2017·贵州省普通高等学校招生适应性考试)

When I was in college，I spent a semester studying abroad at the University of Strathclyde in Glasgow，Scotland.In my brief time there，I came to love Scotland for its local culture，food and scenery.

You might think，“Scotland isn’t so different from the US；they still speak English there！” But when I stepped off the plane，I was greeted by a gruff-voiced (声音粗哑的) lady at customs.“You’ll be coming from America，then？” She asked me，and I nodded.“But all of our guys are leaving Glasgow for the States！” Her thick Scottish English and sense of humor were obvious right away.I was not in the US any more，where customs agents never joke around.

As I settled in at the university，I could feel myself getting used to hearing—and even speaking—the Scottish English of my customs agent.In classroom discussions，people would say “em” when they couldn’t think of what to say instead of “um”，which was great fun.After the first few weeks，I stopped chuckling about this.Strathclyde students stayed up late into the night，running around campus and shouting，“Go！Lat’s go，lat’s go，lat’s go (curse word) Glasgow！”Pretty soon，I was no longer saying “thanks” at the supermarket—instead，I said “cheers”．

My Scottish friends drank whiskey and ate haggis (羊杂碎布丁)．I drank plenty of whiskey but I was ashamed to admit that I wasn’t brave enough to try haggis. Scottish bakeries usually sell bridies (肉馅饼)．Add a cup of tea—though I usually Americanized it by choosing coffee instead—and a bridie makes for a delicious breakfast.

Every time I took a train anywhere in Scotland，I’d gaze out at the rolling hills and wonder if grass was greener than anywhere else in the world. Then I’d reflect that there’s a reason this country was the birthplace of golf.

语篇解读 本文介绍了“我”在苏格兰学习期间的体验：居民友好，食物独特，景色优美，苏格兰英语与美式英语有区别。

1. What did the author think of the lady at customs? A．Impolite. C．Serious.

B．Friendly. D．Calm.

解析： 考查推理判断。根据第二段中的“Her thick Scottish English and sense of humor were obvious right away.I was not in the US any more，where customs agents never joke around”可知，作者认为她的苏格兰英语和幽默用得恰到好处，而美国的海关工作人员却从来不跟人开玩笑；据此可推断，作者认为这位在海关工作的女士是友好的，故B项正确。

答案： B

2．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “chuckling” in Paragraph 3? A．Talking loudly. C．Laughing quietly.

B．Comparing. D．Hearing.

解析： 考查词义猜测。根据第三段中的“In classroom discussions，people would say...was great fun.After the first few weeks，I stopped chuckling about this”并结合“Pretty soon，I...said‘cheers’”可推知，在教室讨论时，“我”发现他们的发音很有趣，几周后，“我”适应了他们的发音，所以不再偷笑。故画线词意为“偷笑”，C项正确。

答案： C

3．What is the author’s purpose of writing the text? A．To explain why Scotland is famous for golf.

B．To promote the development of Scottish catering trade. C．To introduce different pronunciations of “em” and “um”． D．To share his experiences in Scotland as an exchange student.

解析： 考查目的意图。通读全文并结合第一段中的“In my brief time there，I came to love Scotland for its local culture，food and scenery”可知，本文旨在和读者分享“我”在苏格兰做交换生期间所感受到的苏格兰文化、美食和美景。

答案： D

B

(2017·湖南长沙高三年级统一模拟)

A new study by the British government has discovered the mental health of the country’s teenage girls has become worse.

The survey，which included 30,000 14-year-old students in 2005 and 2014，showed 37 percent of girls with psychological stress，up from 34 percent in 2005.British boys’stress level was actually seen to fall over the same time period，from 17 percent to 15 percent.

The report’s authors pointed out the “advent of the social media age” could be a major contributing factor for increased stress among teenage British girls.

“The adolescent years are a time of rapid physical，cognitive (认知的) and emotional development，” Pam Ramsden，a lecturer in psychology at the University of Bradford in the United Kingdom, wrote in a recent blog post.“Teenagers interact with people in order to learn how to become competent(有能力的)adults.In the past，they would engage with parents, teachers and other adults in their community as well as extended family members and friends.Now we can also add social media to that list of social and emotional development.”

Throughout adolescence，girls and boys develop characteristics like confidence and self-control.Since teenage brains have not completely developed，teens don’t have the cognitive awareness and impulse (冲动)control to keep from posting inappropriate content.Furthermore，this content can easily be spread far and wide with disastrous influences.

Social media can also feed into girls’ insecurities about their appearance，Ramsden said.These sites are often filled with images of people with body type unattainable to the normal person.However，these images and the messages tied to them gradually become societal standards.

语篇解读 一项新研究发现，英国少女的心理健康状况变得更糟；分析表明，社交媒体时代的到来可能是造成英国少女心理压力加大的主要因素。

4．The statistics in the second paragraph show that________.

A．more and more children in Britain have mental health problems

B．few girls in Britain suffered from psychological stress in 2005 C．more boys in Britain are suffering from mental pressure now D．more British girls feel psychologically stressed than boys do now

解析： 考查推理判断。根据第二段的第一句可知，调查显示，2014年37%的英国少女有心理压力，而2005年只有34%；根据第二段的第二句可知，同期调查显示，英国少年有心理压力的从2005年的17%降到2014年的15%。据此可以判断，英国少女有心理压力的比少年多，故D项正确。

答案： D

5. Contrary to traditional ways of interaction，social media________. A．helps teenagers develop qualities like confidence and self-control B．has many negative effects on girls’ characteristic development C．makes teens aware of potential danger of the inappropriate content D．teaches girls to care about their appearance to meet societal standards

解析： 考查细节理解。根据第五段的最后一句“Furthermore，this content can easily be spread far and wide with disastrous influences”和最后一段第一句的“Social media can also feed into girls’ insecurities about their appearance”可知，由于青少年的思想还不成熟，自控能力有限，社交媒体对英国少女的心理健康和她们对外表美丑的判断产生了消极的影响。故B项正确。

答案： B

6．The underlined word “advent” in Paragraph 3 can be replaced by“________”． A．arrival C．disappearance

B．end D．invention

解析： 考查词义猜测。 结合该段内容和下文关于传统交流方式和社交媒体的比较可知，报告的作者指出，“社交媒体时代的到来”可能是造成英国少女心理压力增加的主要因素。据此可知，画线词意为“到来”，故A项正确。

答案： A

C

(2017·安庆二模)

Dragging a sleigh loaded with enough presents for the world’s children can be no easy skill.But，since ancient times，the Christmas Eve duty has been performed with distinction by a team of beloved reindeer (驯鹿)．

Soon，however，Santa Claus may have to start looking around for a stronger type of animal，as a new research shows the species is becoming increasingly puny.A 16-year survey on the arctic Norwegian island of Svalbard found the reindeer there have declined in weight by an alarming 12 percent.

The reduction in average body-mass is being blamed on global warming. In the research presented lately at a meeting of the British Ecological Society in Liverpool，scientists have explained how rising temperatures are robbing female reindeer of nutrients during important periods of pregnancy.

Snow in Svalbard typically covers the ground for eight months of the year，which，combined with low temperatures，limits grass growth to June and July.But as summer temperatures have increased by around 1.5 ℃，

grass has become more productive，allowing female reindeer to gain more weight by the autumn and therefore to have more babies.However，warmer winters have brought with them greater rainfall which freezes when it settles on the snow.Reindeer can often access the poor food sources beneath the snow by clearing it away with their antlers (鹿角)，but they cannot break through the hard ice.As a result，female reindeer are becoming starved，causing them to abort their babies or give birth to much lighter young.

Despite the findings，reindeer appear to be suffering less from the effect of climate change than some other arctic species.Last week the scientists warned that a third of the world’s polar bears could disappear in the next 40 years.

语篇解读 本文主要介绍了一项关于驯鹿受气候变化影响的研究。

7．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “puny” in Paragraph 2? A．Strong. C．Heavy.

B．Mature. D．Weak.

解析： 词义猜测题。根据第二段第一句“Soon，however，Santa Claus may have to start looking around for a stronger type of animal...”可知，圣诞老人可能很快就得开始寻找一种更加强壮的动物了，由此可推断出驯鹿不像以前那样强壮了，故puny的意思为“瘦弱的”，与weak意思相近。

答案： D

8. Why do female reindeer become fat in autumn? A．The temperature is getting low. B．They give birth to more babies. C．Grass has grown well since summer. D．They often break through the hard ice.

解析： 细节理解题。根据第四段第二句“But as summer temperatures have increased by around 1.5℃，grass has become more productive，allowing female reindeer to gain more weight by the autumn and therefore to have more babies.”可知，由于夏季气温会升高约1.5℃，牧草更茂盛，使得雌性驯鹿到了秋天会变胖。

答案： C

9．What can we infer from the text?

A．Climate change has little effect on reindeer. B．Polar bears suffer more from climate change. C．Reindeer have no trouble finding food in winter. D．Polar bears will disappear in the near future.

解析： 推理判断题。根据文章最后一段可知，驯鹿受气候变化的影响似乎比其他北极的生物受到的影响要小，且科学家们警告称，全球三分之一的北极熊可能在未来40年内消失。

答案： B

10. What does the text mainly talk about?

A．The Christmas Eve duty will still be carried out by reindeer. B．Reindeer has decreased in weight owing to global warming.

C．Global warming contributes to more young reindeer. D．Many arctic species are at the risk of dying out.

解析： 主旨大意题。通读文章，本文主要介绍全球变暖导致驯鹿平均体重降低了12%，故选B项。A项表述并非事实；C、D两项偏离主题。

答案： B

阅读理解题型突破(六) 猜测短语类

A

(2017·陕西省西安市高三模拟)

Two young giant-panda twins born in the United States have returned home to China，but are struggling to adapt to the language and food.

The 3-year-old sisters，Mei Lun and Mei Huan，were the first surviving panda twins to be born in the United States，and were returned to China from Zoo Atlanta on Nov.5.But the pair still understand English better than Chinese，and prefer American biscuits to Chinese bread.

A zoo-keeper said that his main concern is that the pair are so addicted to American biscuits that everything they eat—from bamboos to apples—has to be mixed with biscuits.They even want to snack on (吃零食) biscuits when drinking water.

The zoo-keeper is trying to wean_them_off their biscuit habit，gradually replacing the American food with Chinese bread.Mei Huan is adapting，but Mei Lun doesn’t want to touch the unfamiliar bread.

Mei Lun is the livelier of the two，often jumping onto the roof and hanging upside down from a rail，but her slightly younger sister Mei Huan is calmer，preferring to sit still，observe her new environment and occasionally snack on bamboo.

A language barrier is also reported.While the pair respond to their own names，and understand some English phrases such as “come here”，they don’t understand the Sichuan dialect of Chinese.

The news caused some laughter on Chinese social media，with some users commenting that the pandas would soon get used to Sichuan’s famous spicy cuisine.

语篇解读 本文是一则新闻报道，介绍了从美国归来的熊猫美轮和美奂目前还不能适应中国的语言和食物的事情。

1. Based on the passage，which statement do you think is right? A．The panda twins can fit in well in Sichuan.

B．The panda twins are only fond of Sichuan food and dishes.

C．The panda twins have been used to the new environment very quickly. D．It’s hard for the panda twins to get used to the new environment soon.

解析： 细节理解题。根据文章首句中的“but are struggling to adapt to the language and food”可知，从美国归国的熊猫正努力适应新的语言和食物，且从第二、三段可知，它们并没有很快适应新环境。

答案： D

2．What does the underlined part “wean them off” in the fourth paragraph mean?

A．Help them get rid of. B．Help them form. C．Help them strengthen. D．Help them keep.

解析： 词义猜测题。根据画线部分后面的“gradually replacing the American food with Chinese bread”可知，饲养员逐步尝试用中国面包代替美国饼干，目的是让熊猫们戒掉对美国饼干的“依恋”。由此可猜测，wean them off的意思是“使它们逐渐戒除”。

答案： A

3. From the passage we learn that of the two sisters________. A．Mei Huan mainly eats bamboo B．Mei Lun is living a more active life C．Mei Huan is not smarter than Mei Lun D．Mei Lun is as quiet as her younger sister

解析： 细节理解题。根据第五段中的“Mei Lun is the livelier of the two”可知，美轮是两只熊猫中较活跃的一只，故B项正确。根据第五段中的“but her slightly younger sister Mei Huan is calmer，preferring to sit still，observe her new environment and occasionally snack on bamboo”可知，A、D项表述错误，C项在文中并未提及。

答案： B

B

(2017·湖南十三校第一次联考)

Showrooming

One of the biggest challenges facing brick-and-mortar retailers (实体零售店) in recent years has been the “showrooming”．Driven by the desire to get the best prices，many shoppers are now visiting brick-and-mortar stores to personally check on products that interest them，only to leave and then buy the items online. The new trend is forcing retailers to find out new ways to keep consumers from leaving their store for cheaper prices online.

Recent research found that 40 percent of US shoppers have showroomed previously，with big-box retailers suffering the most.Specifically，the study shows that Best Buy，Walmart and Target are the most likely brick-and-mortar stores to have shoppers test out a product in-store and then purchase it online later，while Amazon is benefiting most from the practice，with nearly 60 percent of shoppers using the online retail giant (巨人) most often to make their showrooming purchases.

Smartphones have pushed showrooming into the front.Shoppers no longer have to wait until they get home to see if they can find a cheaper price for the products they’re considering buying.With smartphones，consumers can now compare virtual prices，at both other brick-and-mortar stores and online ones while still inside a retail store.If they can find what they’re seeking for less expensive online，the majority will be seeking_the_first_exit.A recent study showed that 45 percent of customers shopping at brick-and-mortar stores walk out and buy their purchases online for a discount of as little as 2.5 percent.

This puts pressure on retailers to provide both an in-store experience worth staying for and an online presence that can attract shoppers who are showrooming in other businesses.

To cut down on showrooming，many retailers are adopting new methods to keep shoppers in their stores.Among the steps they’re taking are price-matching guarantees that allow shoppers to pay a discounted price if they find it cheaper online.This ensures that even a showrooming shopper can make the purchase in the store—regardless of whether they find the cheaper price online.

Another popular method to fight against showrooming is to give shoppers the ability to buy something online and pick it up at the store.This reduces shopping costs and gets customers in the store，where they may be encouraged to make an additional purchase.

It is also important for businesses to take into consideration what makes shoppers purchase something in-store rather than online，and meet those needs.Research has found that more than 8 in 10 Americans consider being able to take the goods home immediately and the ability to touch and feel them—the most important aspects when deciding to purchase in a store rather than online.

语篇解读 近年来，实体店面临的最大挑战就是消费者在实体店体验产品之后，却在网上购买产品。针对此现象，许多零售商开始实施新的策略，以把顾客留在实体店。

4．According to the passage，a showrooming shopper tends to________. A．pay for everything online B．purchase online for a lower price C．rush to buy things in a store D．have better bargaining skills

解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段第二句“Driven by the desire to get the best prices，many shoppers are now visiting brick-and-mortar stores to personally check on products that interest them，only to leave and then buy the items online.”可知，这个群体的消费者一般都是先从实体店里看过或试过想购买的商品，然后再在网络上搜索这些商品并购买。

答案： B

5．What contributes to the growing popularity of showrooming? A．The advertisements by online retail giants. B．The competition between big stores. C．The wide use of smartphones.

D．The decline of the brick-and-mortar stores.

解析： 细节理解题。根据第三段第一句“Smartphones have pushed showrooming into the front.”可知，正是智能手机推动了这种现象。

答案： C

6．The underlined words “seeking the first exit” in Paragraph 3 probably mean“________”． A．searching for lower prices B．making a purchase on the spot C．locating the first exit quickly D．leaving as soon as possible

解析： 词义猜测题。根据对画线部分所在句子前后句的理解可知，消费者通过网络搜寻到这种货物在网络中的售价比实体店的售价便宜后，他们会立刻离开实体店，然后在网店下单购买。

答案： D

7．The last three paragraphs mainly talk about ways of________. A．increasing sales at stores B．preventing purchase online C．satisfying customers’ needs D．advising shoppers to buy more

解析： 推理判断题。分析文章的后三段，从每一段的首句都可以看出，这三段都是在讲述让实体店挽回顾客增加盈利的一些方法与措施。

答案： A

C

(2017·云南高三年级11校跨区调研)

If our kids don’t fall，they don’t learn to get up.I still remember the day in high school that my mom forgot to pick me up from school.I’m the oldest of four children，and no doubt she’d had a long day with the other kids and it’d slipped her mind.After waiting at school for an hour，I walked the three miles home，and when I got to my house，I shut our front door with anger，stormed into the kitchen and screamed in my mom’s face that she’d forgotten me.

Later that night，my dad told me I no longer had a ride to school the next day.I figured my mom would still take me，but when the morning came，she refused.It was midterm，and as a straight-A student ready to start college applications，being late wasn’t an option.In my mind，missing these tests would have been the end of my academic career.I begged my mom.I told her she was ruining my future and everything I’d worked for. But she held_her_ground,_and that day，I walked to school.And I missed my tests.

My mom didn’t rescue me from failure.She let me suffer from it.She let me figure it out.She let me learn.Now，as a mom myself，I’ve realized that I want my kids to experience failure because failure is how we grow，learn and think outside of ourselves.It’s how we self-educate to learn what’s right and respectable，and what’s not.It’s how we become responsible and enthusiastic.

Falling down makes us better，because we learn how to get up.

语篇解读 本文作者通过亲身体会告诉我们：失败让我们变得更好，因为我们在失败中学会成长。 8．Why did the author shout at her mother? A．Because she was tired after walking home. B．Because she missed some important tests. C．Because her mother had ruined her future. D．Because her mother didn’t pick her up home.

解析： 考查细节理解。根据第一段的“After waiting at school for an hour，I walked the three miles home，and when I got to my house，I shut our front door with anger，stormed into the kitchen and screamed in my mom’s face that she’d forgotten me”可知，作者在学校等了一个小时，后来自己走回了家，因此她对妈妈没有去学校

接她非常生气。

答案： D

9. How does the author feel about her experience now? A．Disappointed. C．Beneficial.

B．Merciful. D．Embarrassed.

解析： 考查细节理解。根据第三段中的“Now，as a mom myself，I’ve realized that I want my kids to experience failure because failure is how we grow，learn and think outside of ourselves”说明作者现在认为她之前的经历对她是有益的(Beneficial)。

答案： C

10．What does the underlined phrase “held her ground” in Paragraph 2 mean? A．Stuck to her decision. B．Gave in to me. C．Said yes to me. D．Stayed in the place.

解析： 考查词义猜测。根据第二段的“But she held_her_ground，and that day，I walked to school”中But的转折意味以及后面作者仍然走着去上学可知，妈妈仍坚持她的观点，没有送作者去上学。

答案： A

11．What is the best title for the text? A．Offer Your Kids Help if Necessary B．Stop Rescuing Your Kids from Failure C．Be Responsible for Your Kids’ Failure D．Try to Meet Your Kids’ Demands

解析： 考查标题判断。根据第三段和第四段的叙述，尤其是第三段的“My mom didn’t rescue me from failure”及“I want my kids to experience failure because failure is how we grow，learn and think outside of ourselves”可知，B项最适合作文章标题。

答案： B

阅读理解题型突破(七) 猜测指代类

A

(2017·山东部分重点中学第一次调研)

Music icon Bob Dylan will not attend the Nobel ceremony in December because he has other commitments，the Swedish Academy said on Wednesday.

“The Swedish Academy received a personal letter from Bob Dylan yesterday where he explained that he could not make himself available in December...，” it said in a statement.

“He wishes that he could accept the award personally，but other commitments make it unfortunately impossible. He underlined that he felt incredibly honored by the Nobel Prize，”it added. The Swedish Academy said it respected Dylan’s decision，but that it was “unusual” for a Nobel laureate not to come to Stockholm to accept the award in

person. Nobel laureates are honored every year on December 10—the death anniversary of the prize’s founder Alfred Nobel，a Swedish industrialist，inventor and philanthropist.

Several other literature prize winners have skipped the Nobel ceremony in the past for various reasons—British writer Doris Lessing on grounds of ill health, British playwright Harold Pinter because he was hospitalized and Austrian playwright and novelist Elfriede Jelinek due to social phobia.

“We look forward to Bob Dylan’s Nobel lecture，which he must carry out—it is the only requirement—within six months starting from December 10,2016，”the academy said.

语篇解读 本文主要介绍了2016年诺贝尔文学奖的获得者Bob Dylan缺席颁奖仪式的故事。 1．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．receiving a personal letter B．expressing himself in a statement C．feeling honored by the award D．accepting the award personally

解析： 考查代词指代。根据第三段的“He wishes that he could accept the award personally”可推知，此处的it代指的是亲自去领奖。

答案： D

2．What is the Swedish Academy’s attitude towards Bob Dylan’s decision? A．supportive C．indifferent

B．opposite D．tolerant

解析： 考查观点态度。根据第三段的“The Swedish Academy said it respected Dylan’s decision，but that it was ‘unusual’ for a Nobel laureate not to come to Stockholm to accept the award in person”可知，瑞典文学院对Dylan的缺席表示尊重。

答案： D

3．What is the best title of the passage?

A．The Nobel Prize Goes to Music Icon Bob Dylan

B．Laureate Bob Dylan Will Be Absent for the Nobel Ceremony C．Bob Dylan—a Music Icon Who Won the Nobel Prize D．A Great Anniversary Event—the Nobel Ceremony

解析： 考查标题判断。根据第一段“Music icon Bob Dylan will not attend the Nobel ceremony in December because he has other commitments，the Swedish Academy said on Wednesday”可推知，本文是一篇新闻报道，主要介绍了2016年诺贝尔文学奖获得者Bob Dylan缺席颁奖仪式的事件。

答案： B

4．According to the passage，which of the following is true?

A．Bob Dylan informed the Swedish Academy of his absence by telephone. B．The Nobel ceremony is in memory of the birth of the prize’s founder. C．Elfriede skipped the Nobel ceremony because of physical illness.

D．According to the Swedish Academy，the deadline of Dylan’s lecture is June 10,2017.

解析： 考查细节理解。根据最后一段“‘We look forward to Bob Dylan’s Nobel lecture，which he must carry out—it is the only requirement—within six months starting from December 10,2016，’the academy said.”可知，Bob Dylan演讲的最后期限是2017年6月10号。

答案： D

B

(2017·云南高三年级11校跨区调研考试)

Spider (蜘蛛) webs have something in common with guitar strings. The long，thin strings on a guitar can vibrate (振动)．They move back and forth，or from side to side.So do webs made by spiders.The lines of silk they produce can carry vibrations. This movement gives the small creature information about what landed on the web.

Spiders have eight legs and usually eight eyes. The animals build webs with their own soft，naturally-made silk.And much like playing the strings of a guitar，a spider can send out vibrations across its web over many different frequencies (频率)．Spiders catch their food，usually insects in their webs.They make small movements，which spread across their webs.The vibrations can give the spider details about what is caught in the web—maybe a possible mate，or something tasty to eat.

Vibrations are not just used to spot what is for dinner.They are also important in courtship (求爱)，so lots of males will actually create a very specific kind of musical pattern which the females can use to determine not only that they’re a male，but they’re the right species，and whether they might want to mate with them as well.

Spiders make their own vibrations to find out the condition of the webs.By controlling the tightness of the material，they can effectively control how information is getting to them when they hang out in the middle of the web.Spiders have a special ability to shape the physical nature of their self-made materials and creations. Scientists think that spider silk may have changed over time for this purpose.

语篇解读 本文介绍了蜘蛛吐出的蛛丝可以传播不同频率的振动，这些振动让它们知道蜘蛛网上落下了什么东西并且这些振动在求爱中也非常重要。

5．How does a spider feel that an insect is caught in the web? A．Through its sense of sight. B．Through vibrations of its web. C．Through different frequencies. D．Through a musical pattern.

解析： 考查细节理解。根据第二段的“The vibrations can give the spider details about what is caught in the web”可知，蜘蛛可以通过蛛网的振动知道有东西落到蛛网上了。

答案： B

6．What does the underlined word “They” in Paragraph 2 probably refer to? A．Insects. C．Spiders.

B．Strings. D．Vibrations.

解析： 考查代词指代。根据第二段的“Spiders catch their food，usually insects in their webs.They make

small movements，which spread across their webs”可知，蜘蛛在它们的蛛网上捕食，一般捕到的都是昆虫。它们制造出传遍整张蛛网的小振动。所以They指代的是昆虫。

答案： A

7．Which of the following statements is TRUE? A．Silk produces vibrations as the strings of a guitar do. B．Female spiders make special sounds to attract a partner. C．Hunting will be hard for spiders if the silk is loose. D．The tightness of silk can’t be adjusted once it’s made.

解析： 考查细节理解。根据第四段的“By controlling the tightness of the material，they can effectively control how information is getting to them”可知，蛛网的紧密度对蜘蛛捕猎至关重要。

答案： C

8. The text mainly tells readers________. A．guitars and spider webs are similar B．spider webs have various functions C．spiders are skillful in hunting insects D．vibrations are vital in a spider’s life

解析： 考查主旨大意。根据整篇文章的叙述，尤其是“The vibrations can give the spider details about what is caught in the web—maybe a possible mate，or something tasty to eat”可知，D项正确，

答案： D

C

(2017·黄冈检测)

On Christmas Day,2003，a woman named Nancy Sue Brown took her daughter and grandchildren to see a movie at an AMC theater.When the movie was over，the crowd made for the exits.A theater employee had just finished mopping the hallway and dutifully placed the “wet floor” sign in the slippery area.No one slipped due to the wet condilions，but someone did manage to knock over the sign.And by the time Ms Brown got to the area，the sign was lying on the floor.And shortly thereafter，so was she.Her foot got caught in the sign，in a bad way，and she fell.Unfortunately Ms Brown had undergone a back operation，and the fall caused more damage than it otherwise would have.So she and her husband sued (提起诉讼)．

AMC argued that the entire point of the “wet floor” sign above was to warn of danger，and therefore，courts should encourage the use by not allowing Brown’s case to proceed (继续进行)．AMC referred to a case about a December,1998 incident，where a “wet floor” sign，not in use，fell to the floor causing another trip-and-fall.In that case，Georgia’s Court of Appeals ruled in favor of the store，but didn’t go so far as to say that “wet floor” signs couldn’t give rise to legal liability (责任) in trip-and-fall accidents.In the Brown case，the Supreme Court therefore rejected AMC’s argument that the former case applied.

But the Browns argued something surprising that the “wet floor” sign was，itself，dangerous，because “using this type of sign in areas passed by lots of customers creates an unreasonable risk of foreseeable harm to the public in

the form of tripping hazards (危险)．”That’s right—the safety sign，used in the way it was designed，was itself dangerous.The court thankfully didn’t accept that argument，at least not entirely.But it did conclude that Brown’s case could continue to a jury (陪审团)——“a merchant’s selection and use of equipment designed to warn customers of one danger that has the potential to expose them to a different one”．

语篇解读 本文主要介绍了布朗夫人在美国一家AMC影院看完电影离开时，被“小心地滑”的指示牌绊倒受伤后，向提起诉讼的原因以及的审判结果。

9．According to the text，Ms Brown________. A．slipped on the wet floor B．tripped over a warning sign C．knocked over a warning sign D．was knocked down by the crowd

解析： 细节理解题。根据文章第一段中的“...Ms Brown got to the area，the sign was lying on the floor.And shortly thereafter，so was she.Her foot got caught in the sign，in a bad way，and she fell.”可知，布朗夫人被“小心地滑”的指示牌绊倒了。B项中的tripped over意为“被绊倒”，与文章表述相符，故选B项。C项中的knocked over意为“打翻；撞倒”，不符合文意。

答案： B

10．AMC mentioned the 1998 case in order to________. A．accept its legal liability for Ms Brown’s loss B．prove Ms Brown had some physical problems C．stress that it had no legal liability for the accident D．prove other customers were responsible for the accident

解析： 推理判断题。根据文章第二段第一句“AMC argued that...encourage the use by not allowing Brown’s case to proceed.”可知，AMC影院认为布朗夫人的控诉不成立，应该鼓励使用这样的警示牌，接着第二句AMC影院举出1998年的案例来支持自己的观点。由此可推测，AMC影院提到这一案例是为了强调自己不应该承担本次事故的责任。

答案： C

11．What can we learn about the Brown’s case from the last paragraph? A．It would be judged by jury. B．It would not be allowed to proceed. C．The court would rule in favor of AMC.

D．The court accepted all the arguments of the Browns.

解析： 细节理解题。根据文章最后一段中的“But it did conclude that Brown’s case could continue to a jury...”可知，提请陪审团来审理此案。

答案： A

12．The underlined word “one” in the last paragraph refers to“________”． A．danger

B．customer C．business owner

D．equipment in public places

解析： 词义猜测题。根据文章最后一句可知，一个商人选择和使用某一种设备来警示顾客某种危险，而这种设备本身就可能将顾客置于另一种危险中。由此可猜测，one指代上文中的danger。

答案： A

阅读理解题型突破(八) 句意猜测类

A

(2017·山西省省际名校联考)

This time last year I entered two long-distance mass-participation swimming events，including the Jubilee River 10 km swim.At the last minute，just before both swims，I decided to pull out.The reality is，I live in fear of coming last.

Last year，before the two events，I realized that I couldn’t deal with coming last.I had looked at the swim times of those who had completed the previous year and calculated that，at my current swim pace，I would probably have come last in both.I just couldn’t face it.But when next year came around，I decided to enter those same events again.

For a few months，I trained hard，but I didn’t get any faster.Then it was June 5，the day of the Jubilee River 10 km.The event started at 9：30 am，and the swimmers were anxious and eager to start.As I swam along，the river was quiet and clean and everything was peaceful.The sun shone.Meadows (草地) rolled by and every now and then someone would wave at the scene unfolding in the water.

As the day wore on，somehow I didn’t mind that，predictably，almost everyone was ahead.There were at least some swimmers still near me，and although we shared the same river we quietly occupied our own spaces.As I concentrated on doing my own thing，watching the sky，the bank，the other swimming caps passing or not passing，I realized I was enjoying myself.

In the end，four hours and 29 minutes after I’d started，I staggered (摇摇晃晃地走) out of the water and was greeted with a smile and a “well done” from the race organizer.I glanced back over my shoulder toward the water and noticed that there were a small handful of swimmers who were still to finish，behind me，out of a field of around 300 swimmers.But it didn’t matter.I_was_just_relieved，proud_and_happy_to_finish. As I drove away，my thoughts turned to my next long race of the season and how much I was looking forward to it，my fears of coming last gently receding (渐渐远去)．

语篇解读 作者通过描述自己参加游泳比赛的经历告诉我们最后一名并不可怕，关键是要学会享受比赛的过程。

1. The author intended to quit swimming mainly because________. A．she feared that she couldn’t finish the two races B．she was afraid that she would let family members down C．she was unwilling to accept the possibility of finishing last D．she wasn’t fully prepared for the two races

解析： 细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者放弃比赛是因为害怕自己是最后一名。故选C项(她不愿接受成为最后一名的可能性)。

答案： C

2．The author hopes to convey the message that________. A．never give up when facing challenges B．it is process that matters most C．failure is the mother of success D．winners always take it all

解析： 推理判断题。根据倒数第三段最后一句可知，在游泳的过程中，当作者关注自己的事情时，无论别人游得快慢，作者都不介意，并且意识到自己乐在其中。所以作者想要传达给我们的信息是：过程最重要。

答案： B

3．What does the underlined sentence mean in Paragraph 5 ? A．She took pride in leaving all the other swimmers behind. B．She was proud that she was not the last one in the race. C．She was glad to finish the race and had a sense of relief. D．She was proud to be praised by the organizer.

解析： 词义猜测题。结合前一句“But it didn’t matter.”可知，relieved意为“减轻的；缓和的”，这和C项中的a sense of relief(解脱感)意思相符；proud and happy to finish在句中作伴随状语。该句意为“我只是松了一口气，为自己完成比赛感到骄傲和快乐”。

答案： C

4. It can be inferred from the end that the author is likely to________. A．participate in another race without any hesitation B．analyze the reason why she failed in the race C．lose confidence completely

D．decide whether she is suitable for the race

解析： 推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“my thoughts turned to my next long race of the season and how much I was looking forward to it”可知，作者盼望着参加下一次比赛，故选A项(毫不犹豫地参加另一次比赛)。

答案： A

B

(2017·四川绵阳高中第二次诊断性考试)

Some people call it a traveling museum.Others refer to it as a living or open-air museum.Built in Brazil to honor Columbus’ first voyage to the New World，the Nina，a Columbus-era replica (复制品) ship，provides visitors with an accurate visual of the size and sailing equipment of Columbus’ favorite ship from over 500 years ago.

I joined the crew of the Nina in Gulf Shores，Alabama，in February 2013.As part of a research project sponsored by my university，my goal was to document my days aboard the ship in a blog. I quickly realized that I

gained the most valuable insights when I observed or gave tours to school-age children.The field-trip tour of the Nina is hands-on learning at its best.In this setting，students could touch the line，pass around a ballast stone (压舱石)，and move the extremely large tiller that controlled the direction of the ships in Columbus’ days.They soon came to understand the labor involved in sailing the ship back in his time.I was pleased to see the students become active participants in their learning process.

The Nina is not the only traveling museum that provides such field trips.A visit to Jamestown Settlement，for example，allows visitors to board three recreations of the ships that brought the first settlers from England to Virginia in the early 1600s. Historical guides，dressed in period costumes，give tours of the Susan Constant，Godspeed，and Discovery.These guides often portray a character that would have lived and worked during that time period.Students touring these ships are encouraged to interact with the guides in order to better understand the daily life in the past.

My experience on the Nina helps testify (证实) my longheld belief that students stay interested，ask better questions，and engage(参与)in higher-order thinking tasks when they are actively engaged in the learning process. The_students_who__boarded_the_Nina_came_as_passive_learners.They_left_as_bold_explorers. 语篇解读 本文介绍了哥伦布航海时的航船的复制品Nina，它是一个开放的博物馆。学生参观这一特殊的博物馆可以积极主动参与学习。

5．What occupation is the author engaged in? A．Shipping. C．Ecological tourism.

B．Education.

D．Museum administration.

解析： 考查推理判断。根据第二段的第三句“I quickly realized that I gained the most valuable insights when I observed or gave tours to school-age children.”可知，作者在给学龄儿童介绍有关航船复制品Nina的历史知识；据此可以判断，作者从事的是教育行业，故B项正确。

答案： B

6．Which of the following is true about the Nina introduced in the passage? A．She is a replica of a ship that Columbus built in Brazil. B. She is always crowded with foreign tourists during holidays. C．She is the boat Columbus sailed in his voyage to the New World. D．She displays what Columbus’ ship was like and how it operated.

解析： 考查细节理解。根据第一段最后一句中的“provides visitors with an accurate visual of the size and sailing equipment of Columbus’ favorite ship”可知，Nina为人们提供了哥伦布的航船的原貌；根据第二段的“In this setting，students could touch the line，pass around a ballast stone(压舱石)，and move the extremely large tiller that controlled the direction of the ships in Columbus’ days”可知，Nina还提供了如何操作该航船的方法，故D项正确。

答案： D

7．What is the third paragraph mainly about? A．Guidelines for visitors on the ships.

B．Life of the first settlers in Jamestown Settlement. C．Duties of the guides in the British museums.

D．Introduction to another museum similar to the Nina.

解析： 考查段落大意。根据第三段的“The Nina is not the only traveling museum...A visit to Jamestown Settlement，for example，allows visitors to board three recreations of the ships that brought the first settlers”可知，第三段主要介绍了另一个与Nina类似的航行博物馆，故D项正确。

答案： D

8．What does the author mean by the last two sentences of the passage? A．The students are interested in becoming tour guides.

B. The experience has changed the students’ learning attitude. C．The students become brave and are ready to sail the seas on their own. D．The museums are successful in teaching the students survival skills at sea.

解析： 考查句意理解。 根据文章最后两句可知，登上了哥伦布航船复制品Nina的学生成了主动学习的学生，他们成了知识的勇敢探索者。据此可以判断，最后两句意在说明，这种游览改变了学生的学习态度，故B项正确。

答案： B

C

(2017·内蒙古四校统一测试)

Several decades ago，educators in the USA began to call attention to a national problem：most students leave American schools without the mathematical skills needed for jobs or for higher education. This was especially true for female and minority students. The Educational Testing Service reported that，in an international survey，American teenagers had the lowest math scores.

This situation has been defined as “innumeracy”，or the inability to grasp the basic idea of mathematics.Mathematicians，teachers，and scientists were alarmed by these findings.They looked for the reasons and decided that，in addition to poor education, there are many psychological blocks.

Embarrassment about not knowing math can lead to fear in the classroom.Fear can lead to silence because students do not want to draw attention to their lack of knowledge.As a result，those students fall further and further behind.Low_visibility_in__the_classroom_has_not_always_ been_recognized_as_a_silent_call_for_help. Math educators decided to try to change that.Math reform is beginning with the educators themselves.Teachers are now being trained to recognize and to help students work through “math anxiety”—the roadblock on their way to gaining competence in mathematics.In addition，math textbooks are being updated to help students understand that math is not a sort of foreign language of numbers.Math is a tool that helps us to analyze patterns and structures，and to discover relationships.

Traditional computing skills of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are still being taught，of course. However，there is added emphasis on logical thinking and creative problem solving，to which there may be several equally valid solutions.

语篇解读 本文讲述了美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相应的对策。 9．What does the underlined sentence probably mean? A．Students with low scores fear to ask their teachers for help. B．Poor equipment in classrooms limits teens’ chances to learn. C．Math anxiety，hardly noticed，is actually a silent call for help. D．Poor-sighted students can’t see clearly，which is a silent call for help.

解析： 考查句意理解。根据上下文及画线句前面的“Embarrassment about not knowing math can lead to fear in the classroom.Fear can lead to silence because students do not want to draw attention to their lack of knowledge.”可知，学生会因自己不懂某些数学知识感到尴尬，而这又会使他们产生恐惧心理，恐怕可能导致沉默，因为学生不想让人注意到自己知识匮乏，相应地，老师也就会忽略学生这方面的不足，由此可知，C项最能传达该画线句的含义。

答案： C

10．Which may lead to American students’ innumeracy? A．The methods of teaching. B．The difficulty of math itself. C．Students’ lack of interest in math. D．Schools’ not attaching enough value to it.

解析： 考查细节理解。根据文章第二段中的“in addition to poor education”及第四段的内容尤其是“Math reform is beginning with the educators themselves.Teachers are now being trained to recognize and to help students...gaining competence in mathematics”可知，教学方法可能是美国学生不能掌握数学基本概念的原因。

答案： A

11．What may be discussed in the following paragraph? A．What to be taught in America’s revised math programs. B. How to make math reform actually benefit American students. C．How to improve teens’ logical thinking and problemsolving abilities. D. Why traditional computing skills are necessary in mathematics education.

解析： 考查推理判断。根据最后一段中的“there is added emphasis on logical thinking and creative problem solving，to which there may be several equally valid solutions”可知，文章接下来可能会陈述有关怎样提高学生的逻辑思维能力及创造性地解决问题的能力方面的内容，故选C。

答案： C

12．What is the passage mainly about?

A．Mathematic skills needed for higher education. B．The features of America’s mathematics education. C．Improvements in mathematics education in the US. D．The importance of mathematics education in the US.

解析： 考查主旨要义。通读全文可知，本文作者就美国学生无法掌握数学基本概念的现象、原因及相

应的对策进行了陈述，故C项最能概括文章的主要内容。

答案： C