英语语序―从句和倒装句

英语和其他屈折语一样，都是主谓宾语序的

定语状语，根据使用结构的不同以及考虑句子平衡，前置后置都很多，一般短的前置，长而复杂的以从句形式后置。

英语顺装句即“主语或主语部分在前，谓语或谓语部分在后”

例如，Martin and Jill are standing near some machines. Jill is very angry. Her five pence piece is in a machine but the coffee still is not out.

 从句中的语序——陈述句语序

A 性和非性定语从句 （***）

定语从句及相关术语

1】.定语从句：定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于2】.关系词：引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, wh

形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

om, whose, as等；关系副词有where, when, why等。关系词常有3个作用：1，引导定语从句。2，代

替先行词。3，在定语从句中担当一个成分。

一、关系代词（在从句中作主语、宾语或定语）

1. that既可代表事物也可代表人，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[eg：this is the book （which）you want。]而且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置（见“注意”） 2. which作宾语时，根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系，先行词与which之间的介词不能丢

3. 代表物时多用which，但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which，这些词包括当先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时等，这时的that常被省略 还有先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时.以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有which时,都只能用that

4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰人和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样。 二、关系副词（在从句中作状语）

关系副词=介词+关系代词

why=for which

where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先行词搭配) 1. where是关系副词，用来表示地点的定语从句。

2. when引导定语从句表示时间［注］值得一提的是，表示时间“time\"一词的定语从句只用when引导，有时不用任何关系代词，当然也不用that引导。

By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。

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3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时，常用there is来引导

There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。

3】.定语：定语用来限定、修饰名词或代词的，是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用‘……

的’表示。主要由形容词担任。此外，名词，代词，数词，分词，副词，不定式以及介词短语也可以来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任．单词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的词之前，作前置定语。短语和从句作定语时则放在所修饰的词之后，作后置定语。

4】.先行词：被或修饰的主句的主语。 5】非限定性定语从句

1) 例如：

This is the house which we bought last month.（性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.。（非性）

2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非性的，例如： Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

3) 非性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如： He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 4) 有时as也可用作关系代词

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点： (1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。 As 的用法例

1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。 I have got into the same trouble as he (has). 例2. as可引导非性从句，常带有'正如'。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health. As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；

例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。 As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health. The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.

5). 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which,whose代表事物.

注意

介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时

从句常由介词+关系代词引导

(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. (2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.

(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine (that/which) you asked for. (4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine for which you asked.

(5) We’ll go to hear the famous singer (whom/that/who) we have often talked about.

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(6) We’ll go to hear the famous singer about whom we have often talked.

注意：

1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等 (1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确) (2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) (2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)

(3) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T) (4) The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词 (1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad. (3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.

关系词

关系代词（一般情况下）that 可用who ,whom 和which在从句做主，谓动词的宾语，但是不能做介词的宾语 which指物，在从句中作主语，谓语或宾语；

who在从句中作主语；whom在从句中宾语；whose做定语。 where在从句中修饰表地点的名词，做地点状语； when在从句中通常修饰表时间的名词，做时间状语； why在从句中做原因状语，先行词通常是\"reason\" 有时why也可用for+which代替。

先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here. (Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替) 2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用all that代替)

其实，这两句句子已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句一定要有先行词，而名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别用“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先行词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。

关系代词that 的用法

(1)不用that的情况

(a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时。

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here. (b) 介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. (2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 (a) 在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

(b) 在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

(c) 先行词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只用that。 (d) 先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。. (e) 先行词既有人，又有物时。 (f) 先行词指物，在主句中作表语时． (g) 为了避免重复．

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(h)先行词是the way时 举例：

Is this the book that you borrowed in the library? 这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？

Who that break the window should be punished． 谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．

All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the their handed everything that he had stolen to the police.

那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了。

B 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句。名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它能在复合句中作主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词性从句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。在名词性从句中，连接词that既没有实际意义，又不充当任何成分，只起引导从句的作用, 引导宾语从句时经常省去。

总论：引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类： 1. 连词：

that只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。

名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语 whether,if（均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性） as if ,as though（均表示“好像”，“似乎”） 不可省略的连词： a 介词后的连词

b 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较：

whether与if 均为\"是否\"的意思。

1）yes-no型疑问从句

从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同， 例如：

宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。

2）选择性疑问从句

选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成，例如：

Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。

I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代： 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句

3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 从句后有\"or not\"

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Whether he will come is not clear.

大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go.

It is still unknown which team will win the match.

2. 连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, which.whichever,whomever 3. 连接副词：when, where, how, why

Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等

一、主语从句 (The Subject Clause)：在复合句中作主句的主语。为保持句子结构平衡，主语从句通常被置于句末，而用it作形式主语。

主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that

在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留

自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：

What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。

It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。

Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下： （1） It + be + 名词 + that从句 （2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句

（3）It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句

（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句

It is important that we should go to the school to talk with the teacher. It is still unknown which team will win the match.

另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”，常用的句型有： It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that…

It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…

二、宾语从句 (The Object Clause)：主要作及物动词的宾语，有时置于介词或形容词之后。 用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。

1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句

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由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：

He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。

形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。

注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例如：

I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。

The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令马上出发。

2. 用who，whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如：

I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。

She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。

She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。

3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：

a. 引导主语从句并在句首时；b. 引导表语从句时；c. 引导从句作介词宾语时；d. 从句后有“or not”时；e. 后接动词不定式时。例如：

Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。

The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test?现在的问题是她是否应该有一个低意见的测试？

Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留？

4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用不同时态。例如：

he studies English every day. （从句用一般现在时） he studied English last term. （从句用一般过去时）

I know (that) he will study English next year. （从句用一般将来时） he has studied English since 1998. （从句用现在完成时）

当主句动词是过去时态（could, would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：

The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America． 5. 当主句的谓语动词是

think, believe, guess, expect, imagine, suppose等时，如果宾语从句

是否定结构，通常把主句谓语动词改为否定式，而将宾语从句改为肯定式，这种现象叫做“否定转移”。

We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。

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6. 如果宾语从句带有补足语，通常用

it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于补足语之后。

I think it necessary that we should pay close attention to SARS.来源：中国职称英语考试网 We all feel it our duty that we should serve the people heart and soul. I don’t think we two have met before.

We don’t believe that he could finish his work in such a short time. She doesn’t think it is right for John to come late to school.

三、表语从句 (The Predicative Clause)：在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。通常置于主句的系动词之后，说明主句主语的情况。

引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如：

The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。

This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。

That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。

It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。

Is that why you had a few days off?

It is because I have never heard of the story

需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：

The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。

四、同位语从句：同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。

同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如： The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。

The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。

同位语从句和定语从句的区别：

that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。

试比较下面两个例句:

I had no idea that you were here．（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）

Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）

C 状语从句

状语从句指句子用作状语时，起副词作用的句子。它可以修饰谓语、非谓语动词、定语、状语或整个句子。根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式和比较等从句。状语从句一般由连词(从属连词)引导，也可以由词组引起。从句位于句首或句中时通常用逗号与主句隔开，位于句尾时可以不用逗号隔开。

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状语从句的时态特点

一般情况下，时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”，用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如：

I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。（这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句，从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时，表示一般将来时，决不可用will arrive）

As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作，就回家。（从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished，表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished）

If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了，请通知我。（从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时，决不可用will come back）

状语从句讲解和练习

状语修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。通常由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词和从句等担当。例如： 1. Naturally , our grandparents were pleased to get our phone call . (副词) 2. We worked hard , from sunrise to sunset . (介词状短语)

3. To help my disabled aunt , I spend an hour working in her house every day . (不定式) 4. Seen from a distance , the farmhouse looked deserted . (过去分词)

5. I know how to light a camp fire because I had done it before .（原因状语从句）

状语的位置比较灵活，可以位于句首、句末或句中。enough用作状语修饰形容词和副词时必须后置。

状语从句主要用来修饰主句或主句的谓语。一般可分为九大类，分别表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较和方式。尽管种类较多，但由于状语从句与汉语结构和用法相似，所以理解和掌握它并不难。状语从句的关键是要掌握引导不同状语从句的常用连接词和特殊的连接词即考点。现分别列举如下: 1． 时间状语从句

常用引导词：when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until

特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when

I didn’t realize how special my mother was until I became an adult. While John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.

The children ran away from the orchard(果园) the moment they saw the guard. No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. Every time I listen to your advice, I get into trouble. 2． 地点状语从句 常用引导词：where

特殊引导词：wherever, anywhere, everywhere

Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories. Wherever you go, you should work hard. 3． 原因状语从句

常用引导词：because, since, as, for

特殊引导词：seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. My friends dislike me because I’m handsome and successful. Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.

The higher income tax is harmful in that it may discourage people from trying to earn more. Considering that he is no more than 12 years old, his height of 1.80 m is quite remarkable. 4． 目的状语从句

常用引导词：so that, in order that

特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that

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The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.

The teacher raised his voice on purpose that the students in the back could hear more clearly. 5． 结果状语从句

常用引导词：so … that, so… that, such … that,

特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, He got up so early that he caught the first bus. It’s such a good chance that we must not miss it.

To such an degree was he excited that he couldn’t sleep last night. 6． 条件状语从句 常用引导词：if, unless,

特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that We’ll start our project if the president agrees.

You will certainly succeed so long as you keep on trying.

Provided that there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here. 7． 让步状语从句

常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though

特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter …， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever Much as I respect him, I can’t agree to his proposal. 尽管我很尊敬他， 我却不同意他的建议。

The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is rough. No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind. He won’t listen whatever you may say. 8． 比较状语从句

常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)

特殊引导词：the more … the more … ; just as …， so…; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no … more than; not A so much as B

She is as bad-tempered as her mother. The house is three times as big as ours.

The more you exercise, the healthier you will be.

Food is to men what oil is to machine. 食物之于人，犹如油之于机器。 9． 方式状语从句

常用引导词：as, as if, how 特殊引导词：the way

When in Rome, do as the Roman do. She behaved as if she were the boss.

Sometimes we teach our children the way our parents have taught us. 10. 状语从句的简化

♠状语从句的省略 状语从句同时具备下列两个条件:①主句和从句的主语一致，或从句主语为it；②从句主要动词是be的某种形式。从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。例如：

When ( the museum is ) completed , the museum will be open to the public next year . He’ll go to the seaside for his holiday if (it is ) possible. 另外，比较状语从句经常省略。例如：

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I’m taller than he (is tall ).

The higher the temperature (is), the greater the pressure (is ).

就状语从句而言,有时为了使语言言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行\"简化\"。状语从句的\"简化\"现象在口语中较为普遍,而且在高考中的复现率也较高。因此,有必要对其进行全面、透彻的了解。

状语从句的\"简化\"现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:①由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though等引导的让步状语从句;③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till等引导的时间状语从句;④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句;⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。下面针对这五种情形作一归纳。 (1)当状语从句的主语是it,且谓语动词是be时,it和be要完全简化掉。例如:

If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty.如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。

You must attend the meeting unless (it is) inconvenient to you.除非情况对你来说不方便,否则你必须出席这次会议。 (2)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下几种情形: a.连词+形容词

As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike.他小时候就学会了骑自行车。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping.她有空就去逛商店。 Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret.少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。 b.连词+名词

While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others.他在孩提时代就乐于助人。

Although (he was) a farmer, now he is a famous director.尽管他曾是个农民,而现在是位著名的导演了。 c.连词+现在分词

As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song.她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。 Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks.尽管近来他一直在学数学,但他仍然没有取得好成绩。 d.连词+过去分词

He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited.除非受到邀请,否则他不会和我们一道去那里。 The concert was a great success than (it was) expected.这场音乐会出乎意料地取得了巨大成功。 e.连词+不定式

He stood up as if (he were) to say something.当时他站起来好像要说什么。He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge.即使他来负责,他也解决不了这个问题。 f. 连词+介词短语

She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble.她看上去很焦急,好像遇到了麻烦。

He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA.他到美国之前就懂英语了。 注意:当从句主语和主句主语不一致时,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用主格结构来表达。例如:

When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-room.当会议结束时,人们都走出了会议室。(=The meeting over,

这里说的是全句与从句，宏观语序

可以得出：从句本身的语序，则是陈述句语序的。

但要注意：当who为主语时，句式为：who+谓语+其他；还有What is the matter，是个特别 情况，看似个问句，其实语序也是对的

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 “谓语或谓语部分在前，主语或主语部分在后”即是倒装。

疑问句可以认为是典型的倒装语序。比如，Was Lincoln a story-teller? Can you name one different between Detroit and Toronto? What is it? 除此而外，最常见的倒装句有：

1 倒装句之全部倒装

全部倒装是完全倒装 完全倒装是表示地点（方位）的adv或者介词短语在句首引起的。结构为“地点+谓语+主语+其他成分”.常见的结构有： 1) Here /There ＋谓语动词＋名词主语

here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell.

Then came the chairman. Here is your letter.

2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首，谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman.

位置副词in, out, up, down等位于句首（主语为名词）倒装可起到生动形象的效果。 Just at that moment, in come a woman.

3）There be+主语+其它 There is a book on the desk

4)分词放句首时起强调作用，句子全部倒装。

Gone are the days when we depended on foreign oil.

5) 主语A＋否定的谓语部分, neither/nor＋助动词＋主语B.(A不做什么，B也不做什么) I haven`t had breakfast. ---Neither/Nor have I .

主语A＋谓语部分，so＋助动词＋主语B.(A做什么，B也做什么) I am 34 years old, so is he.

注意： 当so引出的句子用以对上文内容加以证实或肯定时，不可用倒装结构。意为\"的确如此\"。

Tom asked me to go to play football and so I did.

---It's raining hard. ---So it is.

6)介词短语作表语时倒装可起到强调作用。

Many people lost their lives, among these was Miss Evans.

A big crowd of people were waiting for Li Lida on the beach, among them were his parents.

注意：上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词，如果主语是代词则不能完全倒装。 区别： Here comes the bus.

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Here it comes.

Here he comes. Away they went.

2 倒装句之部分倒装

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词do, does或did，并将其置于主语之前。

1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly, at no time, in no way, 及no-构成的词和词组（not until, in no way, on no account等短语），需要注意隐性否定词seldom,few,little,hardly,scarcely等在句首要部分倒装。 Never have I seen such a performance.

Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.

Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leave the room.

Hardly/Scarcely had he arrived when/before his wife bagan to complaint.

当Not until引出主从复合句，主句倒装，从句不倒装。 注意： 如否定词不在句首不倒装。 I have never seen such a performance.

The mother didn't leave the room until the child fell asleep.

【典型例题】

1) Why can't I smoke here?

At no time___ in the meeting-room

A. is smoking permitted B. smoking is permitted C. smoking is it permitted D. does smoking permit

答案A. 这是一个倒装问题。当否定词语置于句首以表示强调时，其句中的主谓须用倒装结构。 这些否定词包括no, little, hardly, seldom, never, not only, not until等。本题的正常语序是 Smoking is permitted in the meeting-room at no time.

2） Not until the early years of the 19th century ___ what heat is.

A. man did know B. man know C. didn't man know D. did man know

答 案D. 看到Not until…的句型，我们知道为一倒装句，答案在C，D 中选一个。 改写为正常语序为，Man did not know what heat is until the early years of the 19th. 现在将not提前，后面就不能再用否定了,否则意思就变了。

3 以否定词开头作部分倒装

如 Not only…but also, Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than(注意此处的时态问题: Hardly/Scarcely…when, No sooner… than中,Hardly/Scarcely加过去完成时,when后用过去时.No sooner后用过去完成时,than后用过去时) 因为过去时态的事件，发生在过去完成时态事件之后。

Not only did he refuse the gift, he also severely criticized the sender. Hardly had she gone out when a student came to visit her. No sooner had she gone out than a student came to visit her.

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补充：（选自托福必背100句）

Probably no man had more effect on the daily lives of most people in the Untied States than did Henry Ford, a pioneer in automobile production. no one… than…。

【典型例题】

No sooner___ than it began to rain heavily.

A. the game began B. has the game begun C. did the game begin D. had the game begun

答案D. 以具有否定意义的副词放在句首时，一般采用倒装句(谓语前置)。这类表示否定意义的词有never, seldom, scarcely, little, few, not, hardly, 以及not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when scarcely… when 等等。

注意：只有当Not only… but also连接两个分句时，才在第一个分句用倒装结构。如果置于句首的Not only… but also仅连接两个并列词语且做主语时，不可用倒装结构。 Not only you but also I am fond of music.

4 only在句首修饰状语（或者状语从句）要倒装的情况

Only in this way, can you learn English well.

Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting. 如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装 Only when he is seriously ill, does he ever stay in bed.

注意： 修饰主语不倒装。Only what the manager said is reasonable.

5 as, though 引导的倒装句

as 引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前 （形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前）。though引导让步从句也可以提前，可以不提前。 注意：

1) 句首名词不能带任何冠词。

2) 句首是实义动词, 其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语, 随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

补充，新概念3 L26课： Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, … 注意:

让步状语从句中，有though，although时，后面的主句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用。理由：两个句子只需要一连接词，though和but都是连接词，多余。 yet是adv可以和连接词一起连用。

6 其他倒装情形：

（1) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。 So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

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So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it. （2) 在某些表示祝愿的句型中：(?没倒装吧？) May you all be happy.

（3) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装。 Were I you, I would try it again.

注意：此种情况，只把were, had, should提前，否定词not不能提前。 If it were not for the expense, I would go to Italy.

省略if后，变为：Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy. 【典型例题】：

1） Not until the early years of the 19th century___ what heat is

A. man did know B. man knew C. didn't man know D. did man know 答案为D. 否定词Not在句首，要求用部分倒装的句子结构。 2） Not until I began to work ___ how much time I had wasted. A. didn't I realize B. did I realize C. I didn't realize D. I realize 答案为B。

3) Do you know Tom bought a new car? I don't know, ___.

A. nor don't I care B. nor do I care C. I don't care neither D. I don't care also

解析：答案为B. 句中的nor引出部分倒装结构，表示\"也不\"。由 so, neither, nor引导的倒装句，表示前一情况的重复出现。其中, so用于肯定句, 而 neither, nor 用在否定句中。 （4）表示强调，引起的倒装。

Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man of great achievements. Happy is he who devotes himself to the cause of communism. Great have been our achievements since 1978. Involved the problem are some teaching methods. Written on the label is the model of the machine. A very reliable person he is.

Very important in our lives is reading.

 英语语序的其他几个特点。

时间，地点由小到大顺序

比如，我住在安徽省肥西县三河镇清平中心学校。I live in Qingping Central School in Sanhe town, Feixi County, Anhui province.

形容词连用顺序

我总结了几句顺口溜：限数量，描绘性，大长高，形新旧， 颜色， （其实这些，可以认为

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都是外观性质的）国籍和地方，物料分词（而这些，属于更深入了解的）要梳详。（注：“限”即是限定词，“物料”即为物体的材质。）比如，

A lovely little English girl studies in Anhui University. Those big new white desks are in front of the tall building.

部分修饰语后置顺序

象位置副词作定语，介词短语作定语，动词不定式作定语，现在分词作定语，过去分词作定语时要后置于被修饰词后。比如，

There are a lot of people waiting at the bus stop. The man in front of the room is our English teacher. She is the girl hurt in the race.

其他，关于从句：

it用在不能直接跟宾语从句的动词

一 表示好恶的动词 enjoy /like/ love/ hate /dislike /resent/ hate /don't mind/be fond of/feel like/ 二 其他动词

1.I take it that you don't agree with me.我的理解是： 2.I can't help it if he is always late. 我也没办法 3.I will appreciate it if you can help me.我不胜感激

4.Please see to it that you bring enough money when you go out.=make sure that 5.You can count on it that he is very smart.你就相信吧 6.As someone put it ，practice makes perfect.提到说到 7.You may depend on it that they will support you.

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