句子成分及简单句的五大基本句型

简单句的五大基本句型

英语句子有长在短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。

基本句型一、

1. Great changes have taken place .

2. We all breathe, eat and drink.

3. The blind study in special schools.

4. Fighting broke out between the South and North.

5. To tell the truth always pays.

6. What he said doesn’t matter.

以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的主语。主语(subject) 是一个句子的主题( theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有名词，代词，数词，形容词化的名词，动名词，不定式，从句等等。谓语动词说明主语的动作和状态。以上例句中， 我们不难看出，句子的谓语动词都是不及物动词，这些不及物动词可以是单个的动词，也可以是短语。由此，可以归纳出句型一：主语+不及物动词。S+v.( Subject+Verb)

基本句型二：

is a teacher.

best composition is hers.

and five is ten.

is asleep.

father is in.

picture is on the wall.

watch is gone \\ missing\\ lost.

see is to believe.

question is whether they will come.

以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的表语。表语说明主语的性质、特征、状态或身分，通常有名词，代词，数词，形容词，副词，介词短语，形容词化的分词，不定式或者表语从句充当。句子中的be 是系动词。由此可以总结出句型二：主语+系动词+表语。S+Link V.+P ( Subject+link verb+Predicate)

本句型中，系动词除了be 之外，还可以是：

1). Several players lay flat on the playground.

2). We should remain modest and prudent any time.

3).The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.

4).It is getting warmer and warmer.

5).Don't have the food. It has gone bad.

6). The facts prove true.

以上系动词可以分类。感觉（feel, look. Smell, taste, sound）; 仍然（ remain, continue, stay, keep）; 变成（become, come, go, get, grow, turn）; 似乎（ seem, appear）; 证明是（prove）.

基本句型三：

like China. （名词）

hates you. （代词）

many do you need We need two. （数词）

should help the old and the poor.

enjoy working with you.（动名词）

hope to see you again.（不定式）

you write down what he said （宾语从句）

’m looking forward to hearing from you.. 9. It took me a while to adapt to the job.

10. He looks after his little daughter on Sundays.

分析以上例句，可以看出斜体部分是句子的宾语。句子的宾语可以由名词，代词，数词，形容词化的名词，动名词，不定式，从句充当， 它表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容， 或者用于介词后构成介词短语。句中的谓语动词可以是单个的动词，也可以是短语，如例句中的look forward to, adapt to, look after等等。由此，归纳基本句型三：主语+及物动词+宾语。S+V+O( Subject+Verb+Object)

基本句型四：

1. She ordered herself a new dress.

2. She cooked her husband a delicious meal.

3. He brought you a dictionary.

4. He denies her nothing.

5. I showed him my pictures.

6. I gave my car a wash.

7. I told him the bus was late. 8. He showed me how to run the machine.

仔细观察以上例句，可以看出，斜体部分是句子的宾语，下划线部分也是句子的宾语，也就是一个句子中有两个宾语。不难发现，斜体部分为“人或者物等”，称为间接宾语； 下划线部分为“物或者事”，称为直接宾语。至此，可以总结出此句型为：主语+谓语动词+间接宾语+直接宾语。S+V+o+O( Subject+Verb+Indict object+Direct object).此句型中，常见的谓语动词有：answer, bring, buy, do, find, get, give, hand, keep, leave, lend, make, offer, owe, pass, pay, play, promise, read, save, sell, send, show, sing, take 等。本句型也可以把直接宾语放在间接宾语前面，不过间接宾语前需要加上适当的介词。如上面的句1，可以表达为：

She ordered a new dress for herself.

句子5，可以表达为：

I showed my pictures to him.

基本句型五：

1. They named the child Jim.

2. He boiled the egg hard.

3. He painted the door green.

found the book very interesting. saw him out. comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover.

call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。

’t take his kindness for granted. 分析以上句子，可以看出，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，这个补充成分叫宾语补足语。（斜体部分即宾语的补足语）才能使意思完整。可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等 。由此归纳，基本句型五为：主语+谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语， S+V+O+C( Subject+Verb+Object+Complement).常用于这个句型的动词有：

（1）感官动词： see, notice, observe. watch, hear, listen to, feel, find(发现), smell

（2）役使动词： have, let , make, get

（3）表示心里状态的词：consider, think, believe, discover, find, imagine, judge, suppose, prove

（4）表示情感状态的动词： love, like, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect

（5）动词keep/leave 使/ 让…保持某种状态

以上是英语简单句的五种基本句型。英语的复杂句式都是由这五种基本句型拓展而成。如果在名词或者代词前面加上词、短语或者句子来修饰，那么这些修饰或名词或代词的

词、词组或句子就是定语。

Yanling is a chemistry teacher.

is our friend.

belong to the third world.

was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

man over there is my old friend.

woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.

boys playing football are in Class 2.

trees planted last year are growing well now.

have an idea to do it well.

should do everything that I do.

由以上例句可以看出，用做定语（斜体部分）的可以是名词，代词， 数词，形容词，副词，介词，---ing形式，不定式或从句。假如修饰名词或代词的是一个句子，那么这个句子就叫定语从句。

在英语中，修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的成分叫状语。如：

1．The girl is improving remarkably. 这个女孩大有进步。

2．可用作状语的有副词、名词、代词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、从句等， 如果做状语的是一个从句，那么这个从句叫做状语从句。

3．状语按用途来分，可以分为时间、地点、方式、原因、结果、目的、条件、让步、程度、方式、伴随等 。

（1） Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow

As soon as he comes, I’ll tell you.

时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中

(2). There are plenty of fish in the sea.

On the platform, she kissed her mother.

地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。

（3）. Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job.

I eat potatoes because I like them. 原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。

(4). She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.

结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。

(5). He ran for shelter. In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.

目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。

(6). Without the leadership of the Communist Party of China， there would be no new China.

Take an umbrella in case in rains.

条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。

(7). He said he would come;he didn’t, though. Though he is young, he can do it well.

让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首

(8). The lecture is very interesting.

To what extent would you trust them

程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。

（9）. My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.

He stood there ,pipe in mouth. 伴随状语，常由短语和主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。

跟踪练习：

一、 分析下列句子属于基本句型的哪一种。

1. Our school is not far from my home.

2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you

3. All of us considered him honest.

4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.

5. He broke a piece of glass.

6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．

7. I love you more than her，child ．

8. Trees turn green when spring comes.

9. They pushed the door open.

10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.

the students think highly of his teaching .

13. We need a place twice larger than this one.

14. He asked us to sing an English song.

15. Don't get nervous．

will make our school more beautiful.

17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know．

18. She showed us her many of her pictures.

19. The old man lives a lonely life.

20. Luckily the 19 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.

二、翻译练习

（一）主谓结构 （ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）

1你应当努力学习。

2她昨天回家很晚。

3那天早上我们谈了很多。

4会议将持续两个小时。

5在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。

（二）主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 ）

1昨晚我写了一封信。

2今天下午我想同你谈谈。

3这本书他读过多次了。

4他们成功地完成了计划。

5你们必须在两周内看完这些书。

（三）主系表结构 （主语 ＋系动词＋表语 ）

1我的兄弟都是大学生。

2冬季白天短，夜晚长。

3布朗夫人看起来很健康。

4十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。

5孩子们，请保持安静。

（四）双宾语结构 （主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ）

1 Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。、

2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。

4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗

5. 他把车票给列车员看。

（五）复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ）

1、他的父母给他取名为John.

2、我们大家都认为他是诚实的。

3、我们要使学校变得更美丽。

4、卫兵命令我们立即离开。

5、明天我要找人来修理机器。

6、每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。

7、我要请人把我的录音机修理一下。

8、我从来没看见这个字这样用过。

9、他感到很难跟你交谈。

10、学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。

参：

一、分析下列句子属于基本句型的哪一种。

1. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语

2. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语

3. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语

4. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

5. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语

6. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语 it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语

7. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语

8. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语

9. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语

10. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

11. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

12 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语

13. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语

14. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语

15. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语

16. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语

17. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语

18. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语

19. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词

20. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词

二、翻译练习

（一）主谓结构 （ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）

should study hard.

2 She went home very late yesterday evening.

morning we talked a great deal.

meeting will last two hours.

changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.

(二) 主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 ）

wrote a letter last night.

want to talk with you this afternoon.

has read this book many times.

have carried out the plan successfully.

must finish reading these books in two weeks.

（三）主系表结构 （主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋主语补语 ）

1. My brothers are all college students.

2. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.

3. Mrs Brown looks very healthy.

4. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.

5. Children, keep quiet please. 6 This book is about the history of the United States.

（四）双宾语结（主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 ）

Johnson taught us German last year.

told me an interesting story last night.

handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.

you please pass me the dictionary

showed the ticket to the conductor.

（五）复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 ）

1、His parents named him John.

2、All of us considered him honest.

3、We will make our school more beautiful.

4、The guards ordered us to leave at once.

5、Tomorrow I’ll have someone repair the machine.

morning we hear him read English aloud.

’ll get my recorder mended.

have never seen the word used that way before.

9、He felt it very difficult to talk with you.

10、The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.